Resistance , R = 26Ω
Length of wire , L = 1m
diameter of circular part of wire ,d = 0.3mm = 0.3 × 10⁻³m
so, base area of wire , A = πr² = πd²/4 [ ∵d = 2r]
= 3.14 × (0.3 × 10⁻³)²/4m²
= 3.14 × 9 × 10⁻⁸/4 m²
= 28.26/4 × 10⁻⁸ m² = 7.06 × 10⁻⁸ m²

Now, use formula,
R = ρL/A
Here, R is the resistance, ρ is the resistivity , L is the length of wire and A is the base area of it .
So , ρ = RA/L = 26Ω × 7.06 × 10⁻⁸m²/1m
ρ = 1.8356 × 10⁻⁶ Ωm

Hence, resistivity is 1.8356 × 10⁻⁶ Ωm at 20°C

Nephrons are the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Nephrons are composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule.

Structure of a Nephrons:

• Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys.
• Each kidney possesses large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million.
• The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

(i) Discovery of Idea: The first and foremost function of entrepreneur is idea generation. A person may conceive his own ideas or develop the ideas contributed by others. Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and exposure of entrepreneur, keen observation of environment, education, training, market survey, environmental scanning and so on.

(ii) Determining the business objectives: Entrepreneur has to develop business objectives in the backdrop of nature of business and type of business activity i.e. nature of business, manufacturing or trading, type of business organisation chosen so that he/she can organise the venture in accordance with the objectives determined by him/her.

(iii) Detailed Investigation: Entrepreneur should investigate commercial feasibility of the product proposed to be produced and conduct market study to ascertain the potential demand for the product.

(iv) Choice of form of enterprise: Entrepreneur has to choose the appropriate form of organisation suited to implement the venture. There are various forms of organisation namely sole proprietor, partnership, company and co-operatives etc. which are in existence.

(v) Fulfilment of the formalities: Having chosen the appropriate type of organisation, entrepreneur has to take necessary steps to establish the form of organisation chosen. As regards sole trader, the formalities are barest minimum. In the case of partnership firm, entrepreneur has to arrange for partnership deed and he has to get the deed registered.

(vi) Preparation of Business Plan: Entrepreneur has to prepare a business plan or project report of the venture that he is proposing to take up.

(vii) Mobilisation of funds: Entrepreneur has to take steps to mobilise capital needed to implement the venture. Entrepreneur has to estimate the fixed capital and working capital required for running the project.

(viii) Procurement of Machines and Materials: Entrepreneur has to locate the various sources of supply of machineries, equipments and materials.

i) The anti-defection law was introduced to curb the growing trend of elected representatives who changed political parties to become ministers or to get cash rewards.
ii) The affidavit requirement was an order passed by the Supreme Court as a measure to curb the challenge of money and muscle power.
 iii) The third reform measure was made by the Election Commission where for all political parties it was mandatory to hold regular elections and also file their income tax returns.
Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties: 
iv) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision-making bodies of the party. 
 v) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.

u= -10 cm

f= 15 cm

We need to find v

We know the formula

1/f = 1/v + 1/u

Therefore, 1/v= 1/f – 1/u

Substituting the known values in the above equation we get,

1/v= 1/15 + 1/10

1/v = (2+3)/30 (lcm)

Hencev=5/30 = 6 cm

v= 6cm

Nature of the image: The image is formed behind the mirror and it is virtual and erect.

Intermediate goods are referred to as those goods that are used by businesses in producing goods or services. These goods are also known as producer goods.

In other words, intermediate goods are used for producing final goods or consumer goods or it can be said that they act as inputs in other goods and constitute the final goods as an ingredient.

These goods are also called semi-finished goods. Intermediate goods can be used in three ways, which are

1. Produced and used for self.
2. Produce intermediate goods and sell them to other businesses.
3. Purchased by companies for a specific use or for creating another intermediate product.

• Community Resources are resources that belongs to the entire community. These resources help in meeting certain needs and demands of the communities.
• The Chipko Movement was an example of communities coming together to save forests from the reckless felling by private contractors.
• Sacred groves are an example of the conservation of forests by tribal and village communities. Many forest areas are considered sacred by these communities, and any kind of activity or human interference in these patches of forests is banned. This leads to the protection of forest resources.

National Resources: Resources owned by Individual Nations are called National Resources. For example – Government land, Roads, canals, railway, etc.

Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a particular region, but not yet used properly. For example – Rajasthan and Gujarat receive plenty of solar energy and have plenty of wind energy, but use of these resources so far has not been developed properly.

Developed Resources: Resources which are developed and surveyed for utilization and are being used in present time are known as Developed Resources.

1. Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
2. Reserves: Resources which are available and the knowhow to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

1. Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
2. Reserves: Resources which are available and the knowhow to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

International Resources: Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. For example – Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total sum of the value of the final goods and services of the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors of the economy of a country produced during a year.
The counting of the various goods and services for calculating GDP can he understood by the following example
Wheat and Hour are intermediate goods used for making final products like bread and biscuits. Intermediate products should not be counted in the figure of GDP. Biscuits and breads are the final products prepared using flour and other ingredients like sugar, salt, oil etc.

Multi-Party System If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system.

The postmaster sends the money to Lencho to help him and keep his faith God alive. He was impressed by Lencho's faith in God. He wished that he could also have the same faith in God. So, he asked the other employees to contribute some money and he himself gave a part of his salary. After he collects all the contribution, he puts that into an envelope and posts it to Lencho's address. He signs the letter as God because he doesn't want to shake lencho's faith in God.

Sodium emits yellow light while potassium gives out violet light. If this light is resolved in a spectroscope, some isolated coloured lines are obtained on the photographic plates separated from each other by dark spaces. This spectrum is called line emission spectrum on line spectrum.

Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate osmotic pressure by managing concentrations of electrolytes found in the three major fluids: blood plasma, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. Water movement due to osmotic pressure across membranes may change the volume of these fluid compartments

The clergyman and his wife hear noises in their study. They get up and go downstairs.They hear the chink of money. Someone is taking out the money from the clergyman’s desk.They open the door. He and his wife search behind the curtains.They find nobody there. But the money is missing. Thus it is a curious thing.

The violet colour is said to have the shortest form of wavelength whereas red colour is said to have the longest wavelength.

Underemployment is a condition where there are too many workers who are employed in a particular job relative to the number of workers who are actually required to do that job. Hence, workers are inefficiently employed in a situation of underemployment. For example, in the Indian agricultural sector, there are often too many people who are working to cultivate a particular plot of farmland. The particular farmland may not be able to support so many workers.