भाषाई राज्यों का निर्माण हमारे देश में लोकतांत्रिक राजनीति के लिए पहली और बड़ी परीक्षा थी। 1947 में, नए राज्यों को बनाने के लिए भारत के कई पुराने राज्यों की सीमाओं को बदल दिया गया था। यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किया गया था कि एक ही भाषा बोलने वाले लोग एक ही राज्य में रहते थे। कुछ राज्यों को भाषा के आधार पर नहीं, बल्कि संस्कृति, जातीयता या भूगोल के आधार पर मतभेदों को पहचानने के लिए बनाया गया था। इनमें नागालैंड, उत्तराखंड और झारखंड जैसे राज्य शामिल हैं। जब भाषा के आधार पर राज्यों के गठन की मांग उठी, तो कुछ राष्ट्रीय नेताओं को डर था कि इससे देश का विघटन होगा। केंद्र सरकार ने कुछ समय के लिए भाषाई राज्यों का विरोध किया। लेकिन अनुभव से पता चला है कि भाषाई राज्यों के गठन ने वास्तव में देश को और अधिक एकजुट कर दिया है। इसने प्रशासन को भी आसान बना दिया है।

The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country. The Central Government resisted linguistic States for some time. But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the country, more united. It has also made administration easier.

2 March, 1930

On 2 March, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi informed about the plan of Salt March to Lord Irwin. He told that on 12 March, 1930, he would begin the Salt March with few dozen people from his Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad to break the Salt Law. During the march, he with his followers will pass through several villages of Gujarat. The distance of the Salt March was 240 miles (385 Km) starting from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town Dandi on the Arabian Sea. On the way, thousands of people joined him. Sarojini Naidu also joined the movement. Every day more and more people joined him and finally, on 5th April, 1930, they reached Dandi. On 6 April, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi with followers broke the salt law by generating salt from seawater. It is said that this time there were around 50,000 people who had participated in the salt march.

Yes, we can say that Griffin was a lawless person. He didn't follow the law and order of the country as he thought of having his revenge by setting out fire in his landlord's property. He didn't believe in observing law. He robbed a shopkeeper of all the money he could find. In addition to that, he hit him hard from behind to escape without being seen. He stole the housekeeping money from the clergyman's desk. He also attacked Mrs. Hall with his cap and her furniture when she intruded his room. All these instances prove that he was a lawless person.

Given, focal length of convex lens (f)

= + 40 cm = + 0.4 m

Power of lens = 1/f (in meter)

= 1/ (+ 0.4) m

= + 2.5 D

So, Power of convex lens is + 2.5 D.

It is true that hobbies are stepping stones to innovative ideas. In the story, The Making of a Scientist, Richard Ebright’s hobby was collecting things. He was fascinated by butterflies so he started collecting butterflies in kindergarten. He also collected rocks, fossils and coins. He became a star-gazer and an eager astronomer. By the time, he was in the second grade, he had collected twenty-five species of butterflies found around his hometown. Later, this hobby led him to research and discover many things. Thus, hobby played a major role in what he achieved in his life.

53, C-4C
Janakpuri
New Delhi
Date: March 20, 20xx
M/s. Aryan’s Book Depot
Nai Sarak
New Delhi
Subject: Replacement of the books
Dear Sir,
I am shocked to inform you that the books sent by you are badly damaged. I think, assistant had not packed them with proper care. Some books are of old editions. They are torn and the pages are all scattered or missing. It has become quite necessary for me to return the books. You are therefore requested to replace them and send the new books with great care. In thetransaction, no fault lies on us. So you are requested to bear the cost yourself.
Details of the damaged books are as follows:

I hope you will be careful in future and send the books at the earliest.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully,

Ankita/Akash

Different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:

(i) Power-sharing in different forms of government: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. It is also termed as horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. For example,  The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.

(ii)  Power-sharing among various levels of governments: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. This is also called the federal division of power. Under this the Constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government. For example, In India, power is shared among three levels of government which are Central government, State government and the local governments.

(iii) Power-sharing among different social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. For example, in India, reservations are made for the socially weaker sections of society in legislatures and bureaucracy.

(iv) Power-sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

The values of k = 4.

Given:

Quadratic equation  has equal roots.

To find:

The values of k

Explanation:

General format of quadratic equation is .

If the roots of quadratic equation is equal then,        

Where,                                                

a =  coefficient of x²  

b = coefficient of x                                            

c = constant term.          

b² - 4ac =0

Comparing the quadratic equation

b = k    a=2    c=2                  

k² - 4×2×2 = 0                        

k² = 16    

k =                         

k = 4

Therefore, the values of k = 4 if roots are equal.

The functions political parties perform in a democracy are:
1) Candidates are put forward by parties to contest in elections. These candidates may be chosen by the members of the party or by the leaders of the party.
2) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
3) Parties play an important role in making laws for a country. Laws are usually debated and passed in the legislature.
4) Parties form and run governments. They recruit leaders and train them to be ministers and run the government in the way they want it.
5) Parties that lose the election form the opposition. The opposition voices different views and criticize the failures of the government.
6) Parties shape public opinion. They have lakhs of members all over the country, and they play a great role in influencing the way people think.
7) Parties provide the common man access to government machinery and welfare schemes. It is easier for a person to meet a local party leader than a government official.

Dated: - /- / - (enter date here)

Dear diary,

Not a single day goes by when I do not feel ridiculed by my fellow classmates. I do not understand that what is my fault in all of this. I wear a blue faded dress to class and therefore everybody laughs at me. Nobody cares about how I feel or how I feel ashamed of myself. I am embarrassed about my attire but there isn't much that I can control in life. In order to get rid of this I ended up lying that I have one hundred dresses at home. But now since everybody knows that I  cannot prove this, I have decided not to go to school anymore.

I have to go now.

Goodbye.

Wanda Petronski

Malware, or “Malicious Software”, are types of adware or spyware programmed by attackers trying to infect your computer, steal your data, or even gain access to your network. A total of 91.9 million URLs serving malicious code were detected <a href="http://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792250/">in the fall of 2012</a>. Malware is a generic term for many different types of “infections” that may be downloaded to your computer.

Phishing is a scam where an attacker uses fake or partial information to try to trick someone into revealing passwords and other confidential information, typically via email or social media. LastPass helps protect you against fake-website phishing attacks by not filling your credentials when it does not see a URL or field match.

Viruses are programs that infect software on your computer. When you run this software, it causes the virus to spread throughout your computer. Basically, the virus can replicate itself and continue spreading to other computers (much like a biological virus), causing hardware and software issues.

Worms are programs that replicate and spread through a network, infecting multiple devices. Unlike a virus, a worm does not need to attach itself to an existing software. Worms cause harm to a network, while viruses cause harm to a targeted computer.

Trojans are software that “appear” genuine, and invites the user to run it, but instead, it releases a malicious load that deletes your files and harms your computer.

A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication to illegally gain remote access to the machine and the data on it. It can be installed to computers by Trojans or worms.
Spyware is a software that gathers a users information without their knowledge, and sends this data to third parties.

KeyLogger software captures the keystrokes entered on your computer keyboard. The keylogger software is then able to transmit these keystrokes where they can be viewed. As a prevention against keyloggers, when using a public or “untrusted” computer, LastPass offers the option to input your master password with a ‘Virtual Keyboard’, allowing you to login without using the keyboard to type your master password.

Ferrous sulfate is an iron salt with the chemical formula FeSO4. Ferrous sulfate is an iron salt popularly known as green vitriol. Imferon and iron dextran are injectable iron. Ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous sulfate are generic names for oral iron. Ferrous sulfate is by far the best and cheapest for iron supplement.

A database object is any defined object in a database that is used to store or reference data. Some examples of database objects include tables, views, clusters, sequences, indexes, and synonyms. The table is this hour's focus because it is the primary and simplest form of data storage in a relational database. In the Administration Explorer, find and expand the database that you want to create the object in. Right-click a data object type folder and click Create Object . Alternatively, you can right-click a data object folder in the Data Source Explorer and then click Create Object .

The deterioration of the quality of land is known as land degradation. 

Five Measures to control land degradation are:

1. Afforestation
2. Proper management of grazing to control over grazing.
3. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
4. Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
5. Control of mining activities.
6. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.
7. (nil) Proper management of waste-lands.
8. Avoid over-irrigation, especially in dry areas.
9. Avoid over use of fertilizers and pesticides. (Any five)

4tan = 3 ⇒ tan = 3/4
we know, tan = perpendicular/base
so, after comparing , perpendicular = 3 and base = 4
∴ hypotenuse = √(3² + 4²) = 5
now, sin = perpendicular/hypotenuse = 3/5
cos = base/hypotenuse = 4/5

now, (4sin - cos + 1)/(4sin + cos - 1)
= (4 × 3/5 - 4/5 + 1)/(4 × 3/5 + 4/5 - 1)
= (12 - 4 + 5)/(12 + 4 - 5)
= 13/11

Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development. In fact; two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced - such as tribes. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

• On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
• On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people.
• His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe.
• As the news spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Jallianwala also spelled Jallianwalla, also called Massacre of Amritsar, incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of India, killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. It marked a turning point in India’s modern history, in that it left a permanent scar on Indo-British relations and was the prelude to Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi’s full commitment to the cause of Indian nationalism and independence from Britain.