Speciation, the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Speciation involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge. In allopatric speciation, groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation.

The following were economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s:

1) There was a rise in food prices and one poor harvest left the country poorer.

2) The ratio of the rise of population was larger than that of employment generation.

3) There was large scale migration of rural population to cities which led to over-crowded slums.

4) Peasants still suffered under the burden of feudal dues and obligations in some regions in Europe.

1. Aerobic Respiration — Takes place in the presence of oxygen.
2. Anaerobic Respiration –Takes place in the absence of oxygen.

Homologous Series

• A series of carbon compounds in which same functional group substitutes the hydrogen atom is called a homologous series.
• These compounds have similar chemical properties due to the addition of same kind of functional group throughout the chain.
• For example, the series of alkanes i.e. Methane, ethane, propane, butane and so on is a homologous series.

Italy was divided into smaller kingdoms namely Sardinia, Lombardy, Venetia and Sicily. Among these, Sardinia was the most powerful one. The Papal states, comprising Rome and Central Italy were under the Pope.Cavour was able to annex the kingdoms of Parma, Lombardy, Modena, Tuscany and parts of the Papal states in 1859. A bold sailor called Giuseppe Garibaldi annexed the rest of the territories of Naples. Venetia, which was under Austria was ceded to Italy by Austria in 1866 when Austria was weakened by the Prussian war. Rome refused to become part of the Italian state. In 1870, Prussia attacked France and the Pope stopped getting support from the French king. Rome was forcibly entered into and occupied by the Italians. Finally, the state of Italy emerged as an independent nation state in 1871 with Victor Emmanuel as the king.

We know that in a triangle, sum of the angles = 180°

A+B+C = 180 → (1)
sin 30 

cos45 
So,
sin (A+B-C) = sin 30

A+B-C = 30 → (2)

And

cos (B+C-A) = cos 45

B+C-A = 45 → (3)

On solving equation (1) and (2), we get,  

A+B+C-A-B+C = 180-30 = 150

2C = 150

C = 75°

Substituting C=75 in equation (2), we get,

A+B-75 = 30

A+B = 105 → (4)

Also, substituting in equation (3), we get,

B+75-A =45

A-B = 30 → (5)

Adding equations (4) and (5), we get,

2A = 135 → A = 67.5°

B = A-30 = 67.5 - 30 = 37.5°

Therefore, A=67.5°; B=37.5°; and C=75°

A raga or raag is a melodic framework for improvisation akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music. While the rāga is a remarkable and central feature of the classical music tradition, it has no direct translation to concepts in the classical European music tradition. Each rāga is an array of melodic structures with musical motifs, considered in the Indian tradition to have the ability to "colour the mind" and affect the emotions of the audience.

Each rāga provides the musician with a musical framework within which to improvise.[3][6][7] The specific notes within a rāga can be reordered and improvised by the musician. Rāgas range from small rāgas like Bahar and Shahana that are not much more than songs to big rāgas like Malkauns, Darbari and Yaman, which have great scope for improvisation and for which performances can last over an hour. Rāgas may change over time, with an example being Marwa, the primary development of which has gone down to the lower octave compared to the traditionally middle octave. Each rāga traditionally has an emotional significance and symbolic associations such as with season, time and mood. The rāga is considered a means in Indian musical tradition to evoke certain feelings in an audience. Hundreds of rāga are recognized in the classical tradition, of which about 30 are common. Each rāga, state Dorothea E. Hast and others,[clarification needed] has its "own unique melodic personality".

A n s w e r 
T h e y o u n g seagull's first flight began when he dived for the fish. 
It ended in the green sea, where he gently settled down.
 

We don’t get any information regarding the past history of the lady in red as we know about Horace’s past. Her whole personality remains wrapped in mystery until the end. Only when the identity of the real lady of the house is unfolded, we come to know that she is a thief. She is the real culprit. The lady in red comes there with the only purpose of committing a theft in the house like Horace. She cleverly decamps with the jewels while Horace is sent to prison.

The lady in red is gifted with a rare personality. She is full of confidence. She acts like a perfect actress presenting herself as the lady of the house. Her gestures, confidence and convincing power are enough to convince Horace. He turns out quite a novice in understanding and judging the lady in red and her motive. She dominates the proceeding. Horace only proves a puppet in her hands. She exploits his fear of going to prison. She makes him open the safe without his gloves. She convinced him that she needes those jewels to wear them to a party that night. Horace willingly hands over the jewels and she decamps with them. Only when the grey-haired, sharp-tongued woman appears as the real lady of the house, we come to know that the lady in red was a professional and crafty thief much smarter than Horace.

When the moon rises in June, thousands of prehistoric creatures emerge (a) the depths of the sea (b) heavy armour clanking as they clamour over (c) another in the shallows of Tanton Bay, Maine. There they mate, leaving hundreds of thousands of green eggs in the sand (d) they simply disappear remarkably, this is all that modern science can tell (e) the horse shoe crab (f) Tanton Bay or anywhere else.
(a) (i) on (ii) in (iii) upon (iv) from
(b) (i) there (ii) their (iii) our (iv) your
(c) (i) two (ii) one (iii) hundred (iv) thousand
(d) (i) then (ii) than (iii) them (iv) because
(e) (i) of (ii) about (iii) into (iv) upon
(f) (i) in (ii) at (iii) where (iv) when
Answer
(a) (iv) from,
(b) (ii) Their,
(c) (ii) one,
(d) (i) then,
(e) (ii) about,
(f) (ii) at
 

A n s w e r
(i) Sodium Carbonate or Washing soda is obtained from baking soda which is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

(ii) Chemical formula - Na ₂ C O ₃

(i) A civil war is a violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.for example the Sinhalese and the Tamils.
(ii) Due to the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.
(iii) The civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.