: MODEM stands for MOdulator/DEModulator. It is a hardware device that enables a computer to send and receive information over telephone lines by converting the digital data used by your computer into an analog signal used on telephone lines and the converting back once received on the other end.

Most people tend to be very critical of political parties. They tend to blame parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life. Parties have become identified with social and political divisions.

Political Parties are the organized group of people whose main aim is to contest elections,come to power and retain power. It is said that parties reflect social and political divisions in the society through the following ways:

a. Parties divide the society on the basis of ideologies that its supports and endorses.
b. Parties involve partisanship where people show affiliation to a particular party and its ideology.
c. A party seeks to promote and upholds a particular interest. For example regional parties, caste based parties.
d. A party comprises of a leader who is actively propagating his/her party's programme and beliefs, active members who are associated with it and followers who believe in its programmes.
e. Parties tend to divide people for instance , caste based parties creates division in terms of pro reservation and anti reservation group.
f. Then there are regional based parties which may at times demand greater autonomy or even secessionism from the Union,laeding to balkanisation of the country.
g. As the political parties put forward their manifestos, the people decide to support different parties and they get divided. Thus political parties create social and political divisions

A n s w  e r

Combustion of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a chemical change because, after its combustion, the new substance formed changes chemically and cannot be turned back into LPG.

Horizontal Division of Powers
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.
Vertical Divisions of Powers
(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.
(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.
(iii) But, there is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.
(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

The development of nationalism in Europe was not only the result of war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. The following examples state the fact
(i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings in-Europe.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement in Europe developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of science and reason. They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. They gave importance on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk) in their folk song, folk poetry and folk dances.
(iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national spirit.
(v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski cekbrated the national struggle through opera and music.
(vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.

Federalism in India is practised by the creation of linguistic states  ,language policy and centre state relations.

Linguistic states:- in 1947 ,the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states . This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state .Some of them were not only created on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. For example:- Nagaland,Uttrakhand and Jharkhand.

Language policy:- Our constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But it is the mother tongue of only about 40% of Indians  Therefore they were many  safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi,there are 21other languages recognisddras scheduled languages by the Indian constitution.

Centre - State relations :-  Reconstructing the centre state relations in one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Since, 1990 coalition government were at the centre . No single party got a clear majority in the lok sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing at the centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing amd respect for the autonomy of  the State Governments.

1) When the news of the revolutionary events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
(2) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which had entered into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
(3) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

Valves are flap-like structures present in heart that allow blood to flow in one direction. The valves control the flow of blood through the heart by opening and closing during the contractions of the heart. The opening and closing functions of the valves are controlled by pressure differences generated within the heart, as well as some muscles located within the heart. The heart has two kinds of valves, atrioventricular and semilunar valves.  

• The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are between the atria and the ventricles, are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve.
• The two semilunar (SL) valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.

Thus there are four valves in all.

The young seagull was afraid of flying because it was his first flight and as we know that for any body his first work in life is very risky

We know that the largest 5 digit number is 99999.  

So here we can see that 99999 is not a perfect square as it leaves 143 as the remainder while finding it s square root.

So for finding 5 digit perfect square we will have to subtract 143 from 99999

=> 99999-143 = 99856

Hence 99856 is a perfect square whose square root is √99856 = 316.

Plants can change their shape with the help of cytoskeleton present in their cytoplasm during stress conditions.