Plasmid refers to the separated DNA molecule from chromosomal DNA, which has the ability to replicate on its own. Plasmids are known to be small, circular molecules of DNA that have the ability to replicate independently, as they do not depend on the organism's chromosomal DNA for replication.

Effects of the Great Depression on the Indian Economy:

1. In the 19th century, Colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and importer of manufactured goods. The situation continued during 20th century rule. The depression had immediate effect on Indian trade, India’s exports and imports halved between 1928 and 1934.
2. The prices fell in India as a result of the international price crisis. Wheat prices fell by 50 per cent between 1928 and 1934. Peasants and farmers suffered due to the fall of prices. Their income lowered but the Colonial government refused to reduce the revenue they collected and this led to their hardships.
3. Jute producers of Bengal also were hard hit with the collapse of gunny bag export, jute prices crashed, peasants who had borrowed in the hope to increase their production, fell into debts due to the crash of jute prices by 60 per cent.
4. Peasants used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses.
5. The depression did not have much negative effect on urban India. Town dwelling landowners who received rents, people with fixed income or salaried classes became better off with the falling of prices of the foodgrains and other commodities. Industrial investments were not much affected as the government extended tariff protection to industries.

The exact balance of power between the central and the state government varies from one federation to another due to the nature of route adopted by the country like:
(i) Coming together federation.
(ii) Holding together federation.
In the Political Sphere
(i) Coming Together Federation : In this type of federation independent units (states) come together on their own to form a union or federation. Their main aim is to form a bigger Unit, so that, by pooling sovereignty and retaining their identity they can increase their security. Federations of USA, Switzerland and Australia are the examples of coming together federation.
(ii) Holding Together Federation : Under this type of federation, the federal government decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. In this, type of government the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis states.
Holding together sometimes gives unequal powerto constituent states. Some states are granted special powers. Indian, Spain and Belgium federations are the examples of holding together federation

These resources have taken millions of years to form and so they are finite (can be exhausted), which is why we call them non-renewable – they are not going to be replenished in the near future. (Whilst new coal or gas may be created over millions of years, this is not useful on a human timescale). Some stock resources may have their exploitable life extended, while others are consumed in a single use, such as fossil fuels; metals, such as copper and steel may be recyclable and re-used. Examples of stock resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) as well as minerals such as gold, copper, tin, uranium etc.

She was finding excuses to justify her behavior towards Wanda. She said that they could do nothing then as Wanda had left already. Giving an excuse for her irrational conduct, she advocated that by asking Wanda about all her dresses, she had urged her to get good ideas for her drawings.

Griffin was not bothered if he had harmed anybody in the fulfilment of what he wanted. He set his landlord’s house on fire because the landlord tried to make him leave. Then his robberies at shops and later in the village indicate that he was a lawless person. When he encountered the landlady of the inn, he threw a chair at her and her husband. Lawless persons like Griffin never think about the safety and well-being of others. They are only concerned about themselves.

The three things which human does but animal does not is as follows:

• Humans cook food and eat whereas the animals do not cook food they eat them raw.
• The humans think and act for anything that happens around them but animals cannot think.  
• Animals can be tamed and made to behave according to our wished whereas humans cannot be tamed.  

Since, humans have the sixth sense they are able to do certain things that the animals cannot do.

Maddie wanted to tell Wanda that she had not meant to hurt her feelings. She had the feeling that Wanda might not have moved away as yet. She thought to climb the Boggins Heights with Peggy, and together, they would tell Wanda that she had won the contest and her hundred dresses were beautiful.

Anne shares her experiences at school with the diary. She told that she had nine teachers. Out of which seven were men and two were women. She told that Mr Keesing, who taught her maths was annoyed with her for ages because she talked a lot in his class.

Factors Affecting the location of Cotton Textile Industry

• Raw Material: It is an agro-based industry and variability in the supply of raw cotton affects the production, there it requires constant supply of raw material. Historically these industries were located close to raw material sources but development in the transport facilities has enabled their spread to other areas.
• Labour: It is a labour-intensive industry and requires cheap labour. It is an important source of employment to large number of population in the country. India enjoys critical advantage over China due to low labour cost in textile sector.
• Climate: Cotton requires black soil as well as hot and humid climate. Cotton yarn cannot be spun successfully under dry conditions. The humidity of the atmosphere must be considerable; otherwise the yarn breaks constantly during the process of spinning.
  • Cotton Industries requires abundant supply of water for various operations like dyeing, bleaching etc.
• Power: It requires a constant and cheap source of power for running powerlooms and textile machines. Earlier, these industries were located close to coal mines areas for cheap and continuous power supply.
• Markets: Availability of domestic and foriegn market for consumption plays a driving force for cotton industries.

The liver is located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. It is the largest gland in the human body that performs several important functions. It is the only organ that has the ability to regenerate efficiently.

The most common chloralkali process involves the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (a brine) in a membrane cell. A membrane, such as one made from Nafion, Flemion or Aciplex, is used to prevent the reaction between the chlorine and hydroxide ions. The chlor-alkali electrolysis process is used in the manufacture of chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide (caustic) solution. Of these 3, the primary product is chlorine. Chlorine is 1 of the more abundant chemicals produced by industry and has a wide variety of industrial uses.

The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. So, the heat released is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas which are formed during the reaction stick to the surface of the metal and hence calcium floats on water.

The response system of our body empowers the pancreas to recognise the blood sugar level in our body and in view of that discharge the hormone appropriate for the situation. In the specified situation, when the blood sugar level drops, the pancreas identifies the reduction in blood sugar level and therefore reduces the level of insulin to permit the level of sugar upsurge in the blood.

The major organs of respiratory system in human beings are: (i) Nose (ii) Nasal Passage (iii) Trachea (iv) Bronchi (v) Lungs and (vi) diaphragm.

In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils, is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes into the lungs. From here, the air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Trachea does not collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. When we breathe in, the ribs are lift up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.