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When Bholi was of ten months, she fell off the cot on her head. The injury adversely affected Bholi’s mental and speaking capabilities. She could not speak till the age of five. When she started speaking finally, she stammered. Hence, people considered her a dumb cow. With her teacher’s love and care, she gained confidence. When she grew up, she was able to speak properly without any fear.

Elimination of toxic and waste products from the body is called excretion. Organisms like animals have an advanced and specialized system for excretion. But plants lack a well-developed excretory system like that in animals. They do not have special organs for excretion. Thus, excretion in plants is not so complex.

Transportation in animals is the combined effort of the circulatory system, and the excretory system.

• Blood is the fluid that flows in the blood vessels and transports the digested food from the small intestine to various parts of the body.
• There are two types of blood vessels- arteries and veins. The arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to different parts of the body and the oxygen-deficit blood is transported through the veins from all parts of the body to the heart.
• The heart is the main organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
• The process of removal of waste out of the cells is called excretion.
• The nitrogenous waste, excess sugar in the blood, excess salts, undigested wastes, and carbon dioxide are the substances to be excreted from the body.
• The lower organisms like amoeba, hydra, paramecium excrete the nitrogenous waste by the process of diffusion through the cell membrane, as they lack special excretory organs.
• The human excretory system constitutes kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
• Kidneys are the main excretory organ which regulates the balance of water and minerals in the body. They absorb minerals in the blood and eliminate the nitrogenous waste from the blood in the form of urine.

It is an important process to circulate water, essential nutrients, gases, and excretory products within the plant for various purposes. The vascular tissues are responsible for transportation in plants. The suction force helps in the transportation of water and minerals in the plant.

• Xylem is a vascular tissue involved in the conduction of water from root hairs to the rest of the plant parts.
• The transportation in the phloem is bidirectional. The food molecules are transported to the necessary regions with the help of phloem.
• The root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil and store it in vacuoles. This water is absorbed by the plants by the suction force.
• The excess water in the plants is lost in the form of water vapour through the stomata in the leaves. This process is known as transpiration.
• The prepared food substances are translocated to different organs of the plant through the phloem. The excess food is stored in the storage organs of the plant.

 Vegetative Propagation

It is the mode of asexual reproduction in plants. Plant parts are detached from the parent & form a new plant. Structures which help in vegetative propagation are called Vegetative propagules. Example: Rhizome, tuber etc.

Natural vegetative propagation

• Root
• Stem
• Leaves

i. The mechanism of determining the *** of an individual is known a *** determination.
ii. In some organisms, environmental factors such as temperature determine the *** of the organism in the egg.
iv. Each human cell contains 23 pairs (46 numbers) of chromosomes, out of which 22 pairs are called autosomes, which are similar in both males and females and are responsible for the various characteristics of an individual. The last pair is that of the *** chromosomes that determine the *** of the individual. *** chromosomes in humans are of two types X and Y.
v. Females have two X chromosomes in their cells while males have one X and one Y in their cells.
vi. When the sperm containing the X chromosome fertilises the egg, then the zygote develops into a female. When the sperm containing the Y chromosome fertilises the egg, then the zygote develops into a male.

Inheritance is the acquiring of genetic characteristics or traits from parents by their offspring. In humans, both parents equally contribute to the inheritance of traits. In 1860, Gregor Mendel studied the rules of inheritance of traits. He conducted an experiment on pea plants for the same. He cultivated pea plants and observed their pattern of inheritance from one generation to the next generation. This observation resulted in the discovery of three laws of inheritance, famously known as Mendel’s laws of Inheritance. Let us have a brief discussion on the contribution of Mendel in establishing the law of inheritance of traits.

A verb must agree with its Number and Person.
In other words, the Verb of a sentence agrees with the Number and Person of the Subject of that sentence.
Error of Proximity
Often, the ‘Verb’ is made to agree in number with a norm near it instead of its proper Subject. It is an error. This common error is called the ‘Error of Proximity’. It should be avoided. The verb must agree with its proper Subject.

1. The price of the apples was very high. (✓)
2. The price of the apples were very high. (✗)

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Advantages of Word Processing

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• Security : We can protect the documents in word processing by giving passwords. In order to perform word processing, specialized software (known as a Word Processor) is needed. As we have mentioned above, Microsoft Word (MS Word) is one example of a Word Processor, but other word processing applications are also widely used. Examples include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and Google Drive Document.

Barter System is a system of exchange in which one commodity is exchanged for another commodity. 

Drawbacks of Barter Systems:

1. Lack of double coincidence of wants.

2. Lack of a common measure of value.

3. Indivisibility of certain goods.

4. Difficulty in making deferred payments.

5. Difficulty in storing value.

Are there people like Lencho in the real world? What kind of a person would you say he is? You may select appropriate words from the box to answer the question.
     
 greedy  naive  stupid  ungrateful  
 selfish  comical  unquestioning

Answer

One can hardly find people like Lencho in the real world. He is a naive and stupid farmer who has an unshakable belief in God. 

(a) For survival an individual needs energy which it obtains from life processes such as nutrition and respiration.
(b) Reproduction does not provide energy.

(c) Reproduction ensures transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next which helps in continuation of species.

Thus, reproduction does not help survive rather its an energy consuming process, however it is essential for the continuation of the species

Barter system was used in ancient times for the exchange goods. It was a system where one commodity, product or some goods was exchanged for another. For instance, if a person has 1 kg of sugar and he wants to have 1 kg of jaggery in exchange for that, he can exchange the same if there is someone who is willing to exchange jaggery for sugar. This process was called a commodity for commodity exchange. Further, it was replaced by the monetary system.

Question 1.
The currency notes on behalf of the Central Government are issued by whom? (2011 D)
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

Question 2.
Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower? (2014 D, 2011 OD)
Answer:
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (land, building, vehicle, livestock, land documents, deposits with banks, etc.) which stands as a security against the money borrowed. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral.

Question 3.
What do banks do with the deposits they accept from customers? (2012 D)
Answer:
Banks use a major portion of deposits to extend loans to people.

Question 4.
What comprises ‘terms of credit’? (2012 OD)
Answer:
Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and mode of repayment together comprise terms of credit.

Question 5.
What is the main informal source of credit for rural households in India? (2013 D)
Answer:
Money lenders are the main source of informal credit for rural households.

Question 6.
Which body supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans? (2013 OD)
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

Question 7.
‘Modern currency is without any use of its own’; then why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? (2014 OD)
Answer:
Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is certified for a particular denomination (?10, ?100, etc.) of the country by authorities set up by the Central Government. It is issued by the Reserve Bank of India and it can be used for buying any commodity which is on sale. It is authorized by the government of the country.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of ‘barter system’? (2015 D)
Answer:
Barter system refers to the system of exchange of goods and services. It is the system by which one commodity is exchanged for another without the use of money. Before money was introduced, people practised barter system.
Example: A farmer could buy a dhoti from a weaver or a pair of shoes from a cobbler in exchange of grains he produced.

The Tale of Custard the Dragon is a light-hearted poem. As we can see that, the names of all the pets are funny. They are rhyming with the poem. The little and the household pets like kitten and mouse are known for their bravery. Their bravery is compared to that of lions. While being a symbol  of the courage and fierceness, the dragon is known for its cowardice. Ironically, the dragon saves everybody of the courage and fierceness, the dragon is known for its cowardice. Ironically, the dragon saves everybody when a pirate shows up at their little house. While all of the little pets had hid themselves in the little corners of the house. Eventually,  the other pets again boast of their bravery and the dragon accepts his cowardice.

The mirror is a convex mirror as convex mirror always forms an image which is virtual, erect and diminished, when the object is placed in front of the mirror. The Ray diagram is as follows:

Convex mirrors are used in following applications: 

1. In vehicles: Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles because the image obtained with the help of convex mirror is highly diminished in size and thus gives a wider field of view and helps the driver of the vehicle to view the traffic in much larger area behind the vehicle. 

2. In shops: Convex mirrors are installed in shops to avoid the stealing of items by any customer or thieves. The shopkeeper can keep an eye on customer as a convex mirror forms a virtual, erect and diminished image and thus acts as shop security mirror.