(i) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
(ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational, Habsburg Empire.
(iii) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iv) The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(v) Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, and it still had many regional and local variations.

Detailed answer:

1.After the suspension of the rowlatt satyagraha,Gandhiji felt the need to lauch a more broad based movement in India.This could be done only by bringing the hindus and muslims together.
2.The first world war had ended with the deafeat of the ottoman turkey and there were were rumors that harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the ottomon emperor-the spiritual head of the islamic world(khalifa).Gandhiji preferred to take up this issue in order to include muslims in the national struggle.The khilafat committee was setup to defend khalifa's temporal powers.
3.Many muslims such as the brothers,Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started discussing with Gandhiji the possibilty of a mass action on the issue.
4.Gandhiji convinced other leaders in the calcutta congress session of September 1920 of the need to start the non cooperation movement in support of khilafat as well as for swaraj.Many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the elections scheduled for novemeber 1920 and feared that the movement would lead to popular violence.However,a compromise was worked out and the non cooperation programme was adopted.

(i) After returning from Africa in 1915 Gandhiji launched some local satyagraha’s but he was looking for an opportunity to launch a national level movement against the Britishers.
(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji to support the Khilafat
(iii) It was also launched against Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(iv) Gandhiji merged the Khilafat Movement with the Non-cooperation Movement to bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

(i) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure. 

(ii) It creates employment opportunities. 

(iii) It generates financial resources for development. 

(iv) It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development. 

(v) It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries. 

(vi) It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. 

(vii)Contributes to community development, Human Development Index i.e. health and educational services. 

Key Features

1. The Constitution clearly provided a threefold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments into 3 lists namely Union, State, and concurrent list.

1. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government. 

2. The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court for two purposes: one, to protect the supremacy of the Constitution by exercising the power of judicial review; and two, to settle the disputes between the Centre and the states or between the states. 

The correct option is (d) (B), (C) and (D).

•    Sodium sulphate chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form of their aqueous solution to form a white precipitate of barium sulphate. 

•    This is a double displacement reaction in which sulphate ions are displaced by chloride ions and vice-versa.

A n s w e r

Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in presence of an acid to produce an ester is known as esterification reaction.

Reaction:

No, the size of the hole in the Ozone Layer has not been changed in recent year

Formation and depletion of the ozone is  a natural process and we can not control it.

What all we can do is to reduce the uses of CFC which are responsible for ozone hole.The problem is that the Cl radical which is released from CFC is responsible for the hole and while doing so this radicle is not consumed during the reaction and gets regenerated. In this way one Cl radical can destroy millions of ozone molecule. There are already a large amount of Cl radicals  in the stratosphere which are causing regular damage to the ozone layer and hence the ozone hole is not reducing even after putting so much regulations on uses of CFC.

No, the size of the hole in the Ozone Layer has not been changed in recent year

Formation and depletion of the ozone is  a natural process and we can not control it.

What all we can do is to reduce the uses of CFC which are responsible for ozone hole.The problem is that the Cl radical which is released from CFC is responsible for the hole and while doing so this radicle is not consumed during the reaction and gets regenerated. In this way one Cl radical can destroy millions of ozone molecule. There are already a large amount of Cl radicals  in the stratosphere which are causing regular damage to the ozone layer and hence the ozone hole is not reducing even after putting so much regulations on uses of CFC.

A n s w e r ;
The different types of objects used as money before the introduction of coins are as follows:
1. Grains
2. Cattle
3. Shoes
4. Utensil
5. Food items
6. Clothes

Given:

The roots of the quadratic equation :

p(q-r)x²+q(r-p)x+r(p-q)=0 are equal.

To prove :

Solution:

Compare given Quadratic equation with ax²+bx+c=0, we get

a = p(q-r), b = q(r-p), c = r(p-q)

Discreminant (D) = 0

/* roots are equal given */

=> b²-4ac=0

=>[q(r-p)]²-4×p(q-r)×r(p-q)=0

=>(qr-pq)²-4pr(q-r)(p-q)=0

=> (qr)²+(pq)²-4(qr)(pq)-4pr(pq-q²-pr+qr)=0

=> (qr)²+(pq)²-4pq²r-4p²qr+4prq²+4p²r²-4pqr²=0

=> (qr)²+(pq)²+(-2pr)²+2pq²r-4p²qr-4pqr²=0

=> (qr)²+(pq)²+(-2pr)²+2(qr)(pq)+2(pq)(-2pr)+2(-2pr)(qr)=0

/* we know the algebraic identity*/

/*a²+b²+c²+2ab+2bc+2ca=(a+b+c)² */

=> (qr+pq-2pr)² = 0

=> qr+pq-2pr = 0

Divide each term by pqr , we get

Therefore,

• Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after the home, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organization. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.
• Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
• In urban areas, these women were from high-caste families whereas in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualized. 

Given :∆ABC ~ ∆PQR

RTP:

Construction:

Draw AM perpendicular to BC and PN perpendicular to QR.

Proof:

∆ABM~∆PQN ( By AA similarity )

Also ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (given)

\* From (1),(2) and (3)

Now, by using (3) , we get

Poverty has become a common phenomenon in India. Both the rural and the urban areas have a large number of people living below the poverty line. Following are the ways in which poverty becomes a challenge to democracy:
(i) The poor are not able to take an active part in public affairs because most of their time is spent in arranging basic necessities of life.
(ii) Poor people often lose faith in the democratic institutions as their situation remains the same year after year.
(iii) Poor people often misuse their right to vote. They are easily manipulated to sell their vote for money by influential and rich candidates.

Poverty is a major challenge to Society. It is what the poor are when not poor that sustains Democracy, and weakens it the more they slide back.
Every person who cannot contribute to the society, (due to class, education or even the simple necessities of a regular bath, or sufficient food) is a loss of that potential contribution to that society.
Any person who was concerned that the society prosper, and certainly any person with empathy for others would want to do what was possible to reduce poverty, and at least lessen the worst effects.
Those cases where they have done so do indeed prosper more than those who do not.
More important however is what happens to those people when they can rise above poverty and become middle class.
The first gift is time, the poor have to spend hours where having minimal funds need minutes, travelling, communicating, even washing dishes, are huge chunks of wasted time that benefits nobody.
But with the magic of that efficiency what can be done with that extra time is what can make or break a democracy. Because ithe is then that a person can become aware of reality around then and work to improve it.
It is actually that large middle class that generates the wealth and has the political muscle of both number and money to stabilize that society. It is more the middle class that make democracy possible than the reverse.
In addition it is the abuse of honor and power that create great power and wealth in a few individuals. Rarely it is simple luck that gets them there, more often it lies or unfair advantage that is, or should be, criminal.
That concentration of power corrupts, and eventually destroyes the society's ability to act efficiently. It is only societies that have curtailed such criminality that truly prosper. And only a strong, Democratic Middle Class canext do that.

Through income is one of the most important components of development but there are other important goals which people look at for development.

1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run business and entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.

WWW stands for World Wide Web, generally known as the web, it is accessed through the internet that contains lots of information which includes images, videos, pages, and other online information. The users access the information from WWW by using application software is called a web browser.

Functions of World Wide Web:

The website is a collection of pages on the same system. World Wide Web is a collection of all information and other resources that are connected by URLs and hyperlinks. By clicking those links that redirect you to another web page or web site.

(i) Of course, the gains of economic growth should be equally distributed among   the citizens so as to make an economically even society. Also this would be as per one of the basis causes of democracy i.e., economic justice.

(ii) It is possible only when this group is given proper representation and chances to participate in decision making.

•  They should get united to fight for the cause. Only then, they will be able to get their share. At the same time, they will have to take initiatives to strengthen their internal democracy and exploit their own available natural resources.  

1.  Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles? In case of a right triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.

(i) 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm
(ii) 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm
(iii) 50 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm
(iv) 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm

Solution:

(i) Given, sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm, and 25 cm.

Squaring the lengths of the sides of the, we will get 49, 576, and 625.

49 + 576 = 625

(7)² + (24)² = (25)²

Therefore, the above equation satisfies, Pythagoras theorem. Hence, it is right angled triangle.

Length of Hypotenuse = 25 cm

(ii) Given, sides of the triangle are 3 cm, 8 cm, and 6 cm.

Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will get 9, 64, and 36.

Clearly, 9 + 36 ≠ 64

Or, 3² + 6² ≠ 8²

Therefore, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.

Hence, the given triangle does not satisfies Pythagoras theorem.

(iii) Given, sides of triangle’s are 50 cm, 80 cm, and 100 cm.

Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will get 2500, 6400, and 10000.

However, 2500 + 6400 ≠ 10000

Or, 50² + 80² ≠ 100²

As you can see, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length of the third side.

Therefore, the given triangle does not satisfies Pythagoras theorem.

Hence, it is not a right triangle.

(iv) Given, sides are 13 cm, 12 cm, and 5 cm.

Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will get 169, 144, and 25.

Thus, 144 +25 = 169

Or, 12² + 5² = 13²

The sides of the given triangle are satisfying Pythagoras theorem.

Therefore, it is a right triangle.

Hence, length of the hypotenuse of this triangle is 13 cm.