Gandhiji played a leading role in the Indian National Movement between 1916 to 1948. Because of his contribution during this period is known as Gandhian era. (1) He successfully involved the masses in the Satyagraha Movements at Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad. (2) He organized important nationwide mass movements like Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience and later Quit India Movement. (3) He took the causes of depressed classes and called them Harijans. He signed the Poona Pact with Dr. Ambedkar and protested the division of Hindus on caste lines. (4) Gandhiji fought the mighty British with the unique method of Satyagraha based on truth and non-violence. (5) His method included boycott of all British Institutions (legislative councils, law courts, schools, colleges, etc.) picketing the shops selling foreign goods, renunciation of foreign titles awarded by the British, non-payment of tax, etc.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

1-By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.

2-The British saw Indians as backward and primitive,and incapable of governing themselves.

3-In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

4-This glorious time in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized.

5-These nationalist histories urged the leaders to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Structure of Nephron :-

Nephron is the filtration unit of kidney. It consists of a tubule which is connected with collecting duct at one end and a cup – shaped structure at the other end.

This cup-shaped structure is called ‘Bowman’s capsule’. Every Bowman’s capsule contains a cluster of capillaries, called ‘Glomerulus’, within the cup – shaped structure. The blood enters into Glomerulus through arteriole of renal artery.

Functioning of Nephron :-

1. Filtration: Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries of glomerulus. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. This filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and a major amount of water.

2. Re-absorption: As the filtrate flows along the tubule useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and water are selectively re-absorbed into the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule.

The amount of water re-absorbed depends on the need of the body.

3. Urine: The filtrate which remains after re-absorption is called urine. Urine contains dissolved nitrogenous waste, i.e. urea and uric acid, excess salts and water. Urine is collected from nephrons by the collecting duct to carry it to the ureter.

Structure of a Nephrons:

• Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys.
• Each kidney possesses large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million.
• The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

1) Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(2) There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.
(3) On the first place ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
(4) The famous image of Bharat Mata came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(5) Folk traditions too inculcate nation’s identity and restore a sense of pride.
(6) Tricolour Flag as icon and symbol unified people and inspired a feeling of nationalism among masses.

(i) Nationalism spread when people began to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together.

 (ii) There were variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.

 (iii) Allegory of Indian nation—Bharat Mata, helped create an image with which people can identify with the nation.

 (iv) Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

(v) It was essential to preserve folk traditions, folk tales in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s part.

 (vi) National flag designed by Gandhiji as Swaraj flag, represented the Gandhian ideal of self help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. 

(vii) Reinterpretation of past also developed the interest of people in nationalist histories.

2. 

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :

• In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.
• Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.

Various social groups which joined the movement were

(i) Middle class people in the towns

(ii) Plantation workers

(iii) Peasants in rural areas

(iv) Tribal people

(v) Business class people

Middle Class People in the Towns

In towns, middle class people who consisted of students, teachers and lawyers responded to the clarion call of non-cooperation and boycott. They saw the movement as a passport to freedom from the foreign yoke.

Peasants and Tribals

In various places peasants and tribal also participated in the movement. The movement was launched against the talukdars and landlords. For them Swaraj meant they would not be required to pay land dues i.e., land revenue, and the land they were cultivating would be distributed among them.

Plantation Workers

They participated in the movement with the hope that they would be free to move out of the confined space in which they had been enclosed. They hoped that Gandhi Raj had come and they would get land when they went back home.

1. 

The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers.

• Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants hoped that they would be saved from the oppressive landlords, high taxes taken by the colonial government.
• Plantation workers, on the other hand, desired freedom to move about and get land in their own villages.
• The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.

Reactions of People : In large scale, people participated in Civil Disobedience Movement with great zeal. They participated in protest march and manufactured salt.

• As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed.
• Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
• Village officials resigned.
• In many places, forest people violated forest laws, going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

Reaction of Colonial Government :

• The Colonial Government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930.
• Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested.
• A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
• Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked. Women and children were beaten.
• About 1,00,000 people were arrested.

The word “Swadeshi” is a Sanskrit word. The literal meaning of the word Swadeshi is : of one’s own country.

Swadeshi movement a part of the Indian Independence movement was a successful strategy to remove the British Empire from power and improve economic condition in India through following principles of Swadeshi or Self-Sufficiency. Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic made products and production technique.
A boycott is a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying or dealing with a person, organisation or country as an expression of protest usually for political reason. During the National Movement it began with the Surrender of titles that the government has awarded and a boycott of civil services, army, police, court and Legislative Council, schools and foreign goods.

The main features of 'Boycott Movement' and 'Swadeshi Movement' are as follows:

1. To non-cooperate with the British government and make it collapse.

2. To boycot or cut out buying Brirish goods made in our country.

3. To create India's own goods and buying those only. eg. khadi.(swadeshi goods)

4. To protest the ruling British government and shouting slogans such as 'swatantra Bharat' etc

Two prominent industrialists were PURSHOTTAM DAS and G.D. BIRLA..
1)The industrialists attacked the colonial control and supported the civil disobedience movement when it was first launched.
2)They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
3)But after the failure of Second round table conference,business groups were no longer equally enthusiastic.
4)They were worried about disruption of business.
 

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatised.

• Foreign goods were boycotted and eliminated from the markets.
• Liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt in large bonfires.
• The import of foreign cloth reduced to half between 1921 and 1922. The value of these goods drastically dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
• In a large number of places, merchants, peasants and traders refused completely to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

1. The decline of the Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement gave rise to the feeling of alienation among a large section of Muslims from the Congress.

2. During the mid-1920s, the very much visible associations of the Congress Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha further created feelings of suspicion and distrust among the members of both the communities.

 3. As the relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organized religious processions with militant fervour, provoking violent clashes and riots in various cities.

The Non- Cooperation Movement sought to achieve the following objectives:

(i) To attain self-government within the British Empire if possible & outside if necessary.

(ii) Remedying the 'Khilafat wrong', i.e., the British should adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey, & restore the old status of the Sultan of Turkey.

Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

Answer. It was presided over by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. The historic resolution of Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence was passed.At this session, it was decided to celebrate January 26,1930 as the first Independence Day of India.

(1) By the end of the nineteenth century, many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. (2) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. (3) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. (4) Many prominant writers wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, folklores, religion and culture, law and philosophy had flourished. (5) Swadeshi Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Khilafat Movement, Swaraj Movement were based on the rich past of our country.

‘Salt March’ became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because : 

(i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. 

(ii) Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. 

(iii) Salt was the most essential item of foods and was consumed by rich and poor alike. 

(iv) Irwin was unwilling to negotiate, so Gandhiji started Salt march with 78 volunteers. (On 6th April) he reached Dandi, violated law and made salt.                                                      This March developed the feeling of nationalism, people in different parts of the country broke the salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include: 

(i) Arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. 

(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.

(iii) Lahore session of Congress in 1929. 

(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution. 

(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in antiSimon Commission agitation.                                                    Industrialists supported this movement because: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include: 

(i) Arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. 

(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.

(iii) Lahore session of Congress in 1929. 

(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution. 

(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in antiSimon Commission agitation.                                                    Industrialists supported this movement because: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

A n s w e r

The digestion process takes place in the following steps.

Ingestion

The very first step involves mastication (chewing). The salivary glands, along with the tongue, helps to moisten and lubricate food, before being pushed down into the food pipe.

Mixing and Movement

It involves the process of lubricating and manipulating food and pushing it down the food through the food pipe (using peristalsis), and into the stomach.

Secretion

The stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and acids to aid the process of digestion. It functions by breaking down food particles into simple components and easily absorbable components.

Digestion

The process of converting complex food particles into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes and acids secreted by different digestive organs.

Absorption

This process begins in the small intestine where most of the nutrients and minerals are absorbed. The excess water in the indigestible matter is absorbed by the large intestines.

Excretion

The process of removing indigestible substances and waste by-products from the body through the process of defecation.

In short, the digestion process consists of the six following steps:

Ingestion ⇒Mixing and Movement ⇒ Secretion ⇒ Digestion ⇒Absorption ⇒Excretion

Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement for the following reasons -

1. The demand for purna swaraj i.e. full independence was formalised during the Lahore Congress Session. 26 January 1930 was also declared as the Independence Day. However, such celebrations for freedom came with very little participation. Gandhiji was therefore forced to find an abstract idea of freedom in order to mobilise the masses and increase their levels of participation.

 2. The idea of Civil Disobedience was mainly focused on problems and issues that people faced in their everyday life. He therefore identified these problems alike in order to bring different classes of people and communities - the rich as well as the poor under a united campaign against the British.

3. The idea of not cooperating in the non-cooperation movement was indeed felt to be incomplete because the British, through its laws, acted as an oppressive force. For example - the laws relating to restricted forests or the salt tax etc. Gandhiji thus not only proclaimed 'non-cooperation but also violation of British laws in order to break the foundations of the British government in India.

Reasons for launching Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress:

• The British Government in India had deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It had based itself on the exploitation of masses,
• The British Government had ruined India economically, politically culturally and spiritually.
• The people of India believed it to be a crime against man and god to submit any longer to a rule that has caused irreparable harm to Indian economy and its social fabric.
• The Congress, therefore, declared the attainment of complete independence as its aim in the Congress Session held at Lahore and decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.
   

Unit-wise wieghtage to be followed in the CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2021 is as follows:

PAINTERS:- Gaganendranath Tagore; Jamini roy; Amrita Shergill; M.F. Hussain

The digestion process takes place in the following steps.

Ingestion

The very first step involves mastication (chewing). The salivary glands, along with the tongue, helps to moisten and lubricate food, before being pushed down into the food pipe.

Mixing and Movement

It involves the process of lubricating and manipulating food and pushing it down the food through the food pipe (using peristalsis), and into the stomach.

Secretion

The stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and acids to aid the process of digestion. It functions by breaking down food particles into simple components and easily absorbable components.

Digestion

The process of converting complex food particles into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes and acids secreted by different digestive organs.

Absorption

This process begins in the small intestine where most of the nutrients and minerals are absorbed. The excess water in the indigestible matter is absorbed by the large intestines.

Excretion

The process of removing indigestible substances and waste by-products from the body through the process of defecation.

In short, the digestion process consists of the six following steps:

Ingestion ⇒Mixing and Movement ⇒ Secretion ⇒ Digestion ⇒Absorption ⇒Excretion

Mijbil was an otter which is a rare animal to be found. It was a rare specie which was unknown to science. The author received the otter as a gift from one of his friends in Iraq. The author was very fond of the otter and he named him Mijbil.

•   The Khilafat Movement was started to save the Ottoman Empire and it extended to India against the British power. During the 1st world war, Turkey helped Germany to war against British.The Khilafat Movement expanded to South Asia under the leadership of ali brothers.
•  The Khilafat Movement in India got the support of Mahatma Gandhim.Gandhiji advised the Muslim leaders to start non-cooperation with the British to force them to re-establish Khilafat..

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey

Observations: Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling light and white substance is formed which is magnesium oxide. This happens due to following chemical reaction:      2Mg(s)  + O2 (g) ====>  2MgO (s)

Results: Burning of magnesium in presence of oxygen to form magnesium oxide is a combination reaction.

The flame provides a source of heat so that the magnesium metal atoms can overcome their activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy required in order for a chemical reaction to proceed. When the magnesium metal burns it reacts with oxygen found in the air to form Magnesium Oxide.

Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His civil code of 1804 was known as Napoleonic Code.

(i) First, he did away with all the privileges based on birth. Everyone became equal before the law. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial duties.

(ii) He secured the right to property.

(iii) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen found a new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns also.

(iv) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, a common national currency facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.