Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.

The following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe :

(i) Decline of Feudalism. There was a steady decline of federal lords and many of them died in mutual warfare. The crusades also improverished the barons. Federal lords were the major obstacle in the emergence of nationalism, and without their destruction the cause of nationalism might have greatly suffered.

(ii) Weakening Authority of the Pope. The Church enjoyed supreme and exalted position and commanded a great power in the middle Ages, but the Reformation movement as well as the Renvai-ssance led to awakening among the people and weakened the authority of the Pope. As a result, national churches and national states were established in many countries.

(iii) Wars. Wars roused nationalism among the people of both France and England. The Hundred Years’ War between in the two countries gave rise to national feeling both in France and England.

(iv) Foreign Rule. The foreign rulers suppressed the people and treated them cruelly and mercilessly. This led and united the people against the foreign rule and infused the spirit of nationalism in them.

(v) Vienna Settlement. The Vienna Settlement after the Napoleonic Wars tried to suppress the force of revolution and nationalism in Europe. But this further fuelled the people of the subjected countries and they started national movements for their independence.

The square root of 3  is represented using the square root or the radical symbol “√”, and it is written as √3. The value of √3 is approximately equal to 1.732. This value is widely used in mathematics. Since root 3 is an irrational number, which cannot be represented in the form of a fraction. It means that it has an infinite number of decimals. Here, we are going to have a look at the value of root and the long division method to find the value of root 3.

Solar eclipses result from the Moon blocking the Sun relative to the Earth; thus Earth, Moon and Sun all lie on a line. Lunar eclipses work the same way in a different order: Moon, Earth and Sun all on a line. In this case, the Earth's shadow hides the Moon from view. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes in between the earth and the sun. A lunar eclipse happens when the earth passes in between the moon and the sun. During a solar eclipse, the moon partially or fully hides the sun's rays for a few minutes.

• Solar eclipse: For a solar eclipse to occur the moon should be between the earth and the sun. Occurs once in 18 months
• Lunar eclipse: For a lunar eclipse to occur the earth should be between the sun and the moon. Occurs twice a year

Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions", collapse and form stars.

• Stars are huge celestial bodies made mostly of hydrogen and helium that produce light and heat from the churning nuclear forges inside their cores.
• Aside from our Sun, stars appear as dots of light in the sky. Each and every one of them is light-years away from us and much brighter than our own star, the Sun.
• Stars are the building blocks of galaxies and in a sense life as we know it.
• Our galaxy the Milky Way contains an estimated 300 billion stars alone.
• Observations concluded that stars with high mass usually have shorter life spans. They nonetheless last for billions of years in general.
• Stars are usually birthed in hydrogen-based dust clouds called nebulae.
• Stars are classified by their spectra and their temperature. There are seven main types of stars. In order of decreasing temperature, O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. This is known as the Morgan–Keenan (MK) system.
• The majority of all stars in our galaxy and even the Universe are main-sequence stars. Our Sun is a main-sequence star, and so are our nearest neighbors, Sirius and Alpha Centauri A.
• The majority of stars, at least until now observed, are typically red dwarf stars.
• Many stars come in pairs. They are binary stars that orbit a common barycenter.
• Stars have life cycles based on their initial mass.
• Stars do not twinkle. This is usually caused by Earth’s turbulent atmosphere instead.
• As far as the human eye can tell, there are no green stars. At least, we can’t perceive them.
• With the naked eye, we can perceive around 2.000 – 2.500 stars.

Stars are celestial objects that can produce their own light. They are extremely hot and extremely large. They are mostly made up of hydrogen gas with a little helium in them. The sun is also a star; the sun’s energy and light play one of the key roles in sustaining all forms of life on earth.

India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types. These have contributed in the development of various types of soils.

1.Alluvial soil: This is the most widely spread and important soil. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. According to the age of the soil alluvial soils can be classified as.
Bangar (Old Alluvial).
Khadar (New Alluvial).
2. Black soil: These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap region spread over northwest Deccan plateau. They are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.
3. Red and yellow soil: Red soil develops on ciystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of Deccan plateau. Yellow and red soils are found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the western ghats.
4. Laterite soil: The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the organisms get destroyed due to high temperature.
5. Arid soil: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline nature. It lacks moisture and humus due to high temperature and evaporation.
6. Forest soils: This soils is found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. The soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and silly in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

1. 

Let √2 be a rational number 

Therefore, √2= p/q  [ p and q are in their least terms i.e., HCF of (p,q)=1 and q ≠ 0

On squaring both sides, we get 
                   p²= 2q²                                                                                    ...(1)
Clearly, 2 is a factor of 2q²
⇒ 2 is a factor of p²                                                                    [since, 2q²=p²]
⇒ 2 is a factor of p

 Let p =2 m for all m ( where  m is a positive integer)

Squaring both sides, we get 
            p²= 4 m²                                                                                          ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we get 
           2q² = 4m²      ⇒      q²= 2m²
Clearly, 2 is a factor of 2m²
⇒       2 is a factor of q²                                                      [since, q² = 2m²]
⇒       2 is a factor of q 

Thus, we see that both p and q have common factor 2 which is a contradiction that H.C.F. of (p,q)= 1

     Therefore, Our supposition is wrong

Hence √2 is not a rational number i.e., irrational number.

The domain name system resolves the name of internet sites with their underlting IP addresses adding efficiency and even security in the process.

(i) 2x² – 3x + 5 = 0 
Here, a = 2, b = -3, c = 5 
b² – 4ac = (-3)² – 4(2) (5
= 9 – 40 = -31 
b² – 4ac = -31 < 0 
It has no real roots.

(iii) 2x² – 6x + 3 = 0 

Here, a = 2, b = -6, c = 3 

b² – 4ac = (-6)² – 4(2)(3) = 36 – 24 = 12 

∴ b² – 4ac = 12 > 0. 

∴ It has two distinct roots. 2x² – 6x + 3 = 0 Here, a = 2, b = -3, c = 3  

Given: ABCD be a parallelogram circumscribing a circle with centre O.

To prove: ABCD is a rhombus.

We know that the tangents drawn to a circle from an exterior point are equal in length.

Therefore, AP = AS, BP = BQ, CR = CQ and DR = DS.

Adding the above equations,

AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS

(AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)

AB + CD = AD + BC

2AB = 2BC

(Since, ABCD is a parallelogram so AB = DC and AD = BC)

AB = BC

Therefore, AB = BC = DC = AD.

Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

Firstly, consider that the given circle will touch the sides AB and AC of the triangle at point E and F respectively. 

Let AF = x

Now, in ABC,

CF = CD = 6cm  (Tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are equal. Here, tangent is drawn from exterior point C)

BE = BD = 8cm  (Tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are equal. Here, tangent is drawn from exterior point B)

AE = AF = x  (Again, tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are equal. Here, tangent is drawn from exterior point A)

Now, AB = AE + EB 

= x + 8

Also, BC = BD + DC = 8 + 6 = 14 and CA = CF + FA = 6 + x

Now, we get all the sides of a triangle so its area can be find out by using Heron's formula as:

2s = AB + BC + CA

= x + 8 + 14 + 6 + x

= 28 + 2x

⇒ Semi-perimeter = s = (28 + 2x)/2 = 14 + x

Again, area of triangle is also equal to the . Therefore,

Area of ΔOBC = 

Area of ΔOCA =

Area of ΔOAB =

Area of ΔABC = Area of ΔOBC + Area of ΔOCA + Area of ΔOAB

On squaring both sides, we get

Either x+14 = 0 or x − 7 =0

Therefore, x = −14and 7

However, x = −14 is not possible as the length of the sides will be negative.

Therefore, x = 7

Hence, AB = x + 8 = 7 + 8 = 15 cm

CA = 6 + x = 6 + 7 = 13 cm

(1) There is low cost of iron ore, since huge amount of raw material is required to run the industry.

(2) High grade raw materials should be in proximity so that transportation cost will not be very high.

(3) Cheap labor is available since huge manpower is required to run the machines.

(4) There should be vast growth potential in the home market.

(5) The place should have good transport facilities i.e. well-developed rail and road transport.

An Olfactory indicator is a substance whose smell varies depending on whether it is mixed with an acidic or basic solution. Olfactory indicators can be used in the laboratory to test whether a solution is a base or an acid, a process called olfactory titration.

BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM PROOF

If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, then  it divides the two sides in the same ratio. 

Given : In a triangle ABC, a straight line l parallel to BC, intersects AB at D and AC at E.  

To prove : AD/DB  =  AE/EC

Construction :

Join BE, CD. 

Draw EF ⊥ AB and DG ⊥ CA

Proof :

Step 1 :

Because EF ⊥ AB, EF is the height of the triangles ADE and DBE. 

Area (ΔADE)  =  1/2 ⋅ base ⋅ height  =  1/2 ⋅ AD ⋅ EF

Area (ΔDBE)  =  1/2 ⋅ base ⋅ height  =  1/2 ⋅ DB ⋅ EF

Therefore, 

Area (ΔADE) / Area (ΔDBE)  :

=  (1/2 ⋅ AD ⋅ EF) / (1/2 ⋅ DB ⋅ EF)

Area (ΔADE) / Area (ΔDBE)  =  AD / DB -----(1)

Step 2 : 

Similarly, we get

Area (ΔADE) / Area (ΔDCE)  :

=  (1/2 ⋅ AE ⋅ DG) / (1/2 ⋅ EC ⋅ DG)

Area (ΔADE) / Area (ΔDCE)  =  AE / EC -----(2)

Step 3 : 

But ΔDBE and ΔDCE are on the same base DE and between the same parallel straight lines BC and DE. 

Therefore, 

Area (ΔDBE)  =  Area (ΔDCE) -----(3)

Step 4 : 

From (1), (2) and (3), we can obtain

AD / DB  =  AE / EC

Hence, the theorem is proved. 

In an effort to win them over, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a round table conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders. The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.

(i) The Gudem rebellion spread in response to the Non Cooperation Movement in 1921.
(ii) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrila movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju Against forest laws.
(iii) The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God as he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people.
(iv) Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma . Gandhi and was inspired by Non Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force.
(v) The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was arrested and executed in 1924.

(1) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April, 1919.

(2) Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops, and shops .were closed down.

(3) A peaceful protest meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.

(4) Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

(5) Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

A universal indicator is basically a pH indicator of a solution of several compounds. This solution of universal indicator exhibits several colour changes from the range of 1-14 in the pH scale. This pH indicator indicates the acidity or basicity of the solution.

 Cyber ethics is the study of ethics pertaining to computers, covering user behavior and what computers are programmed to do

3Median =Mode + 2Mean

Given, Mean = 30

Mode = 40

Now, 3Median = Mode + 2Mean

=> 3Median = 40 + 2(30)

=> 3Median = 40 + 60

=> 3Median = 100

=> Median = 100/3

=> Median = 33.3

Hence,Median=33.3