The French Revolution was a milestone episode in modern European history. It began in the year 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. All through that time, residents of France were levelling and restructuring their country’s administrative landscape, uprooting centuries-old foundations such as sheer monarchy and the feudal system. The turmoil was caused due to extensive discontent with the monarchy and the pitiable economic policies of King Louis XVI. The French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing its goals and at times disintegrated into a chaotic bloodbath. The social and political structure of France was completely changed due to this revolution. It came to an end to the French feudalism, monarchy and took political power from the Catholic Church. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern-day governments. 

The amount of heat produced by burning a unit mass of the fuel completely is known as its calorific value. The unit of mass usually taken for measuring the calorific value of a fuel is “gram”. The amount of heat produced by burning 1 gram of a fuel completely is called its calorific value

Iris

Iris is the ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil that varies in color from person to person, it contract and dilates to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris where light enters the eye. 

Copper is a reactive metal. In a process called oxidation, copper reacts slowly in the presence of oxygen, resulting in copper oxide. This is what we call tarnish, which is generally perceived as a brown or black coloration on the surface.  Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air to form copper carbonate and as a result, copper vessel loses its shiny brown surface forming a green layer of copper carbonate.

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government.

1) The Poona Pact (of September 1932) gave Depressed Classes (later to be known as Scheduled caste) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils. 
2) They were to be voted in by the general electorate. 
3) The act came into force due to Gandhiji s fast unto death. 
4) Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji s stand. 

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. Contrary to popular belief, Mahatma Gandhi was not involved in signing the pact. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, India. It was signed by B.R Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Caste Hindus as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.

(i) Power-sharing in different forms of government: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. It is also termed as horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. For example,  The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.

(ii)  Power-sharing among various levels of governments: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. This is also called the federal division of power. Under this the Constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government. For example, In India, power is shared among three levels of government which are Central government, State government and the local governments.

(iii) Power-sharing among different social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. For example, in India, reservations are made for the socially weaker sections of society in legislatures and bureaucracy.

(iv) Power-sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

Belgium a nation in Europe with complex ethnicity has two community in majority one is a Dutch-speaking community with over 59% population, and they lives in Flemish region, and another 40 % population speaks French and lives in Wallonia region, and the rest 1 % speaks German. The capital of Belgium is Brussels, the community in the majority here is French with 80% population while rest is Dutch.

The two main causes of resentment were:

(a) The French community that was in minority were rich and powerful compared to the Dutch who were in majority because the Dutch got the benefits of education much later than the French.

(b) Although the Dutch were in the majority in the country, they were in the minority in capital, i.e. Brussels.

The conflict was solved as follows:

• According to its Constitution, the Dutch and the French-speaking minister should be an equal number in the central government. Hence no single community can make the decision unilaterally.
• Some of the powers of the central government are transferred to the State government. Hence the state government is not the subordinate of the central government.
• Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has its government where both the Dutch and French community have equal representation

Belgium a nation in Europe with complex ethnicity has two community in majority one is a Dutch-speaking community with over 59% population, and they lives in Flemish region, and another 40 % population speaks French and lives in Wallonia region, and the rest 1 % speaks German. The capital of Belgium is Brussels, the community in the majority here is French with 80% population while rest is Dutch.

The two main causes of resentment were:

(a) The French community that was in minority were rich and powerful compared to the Dutch who were in majority because the Dutch got the benefits of education much later than the French.

(b) Although the Dutch were in the majority in the country, they were in the minority in capital, i.e. Brussels.

The conflict was solved as follows:

• According to its Constitution, the Dutch and the French-speaking minister should be an equal number in the central government. Hence no single community can make the decision unilaterally.
• Some of the powers of the central government are transferred to the State government. Hence the state government is not the subordinate of the central government.
• Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has its government where both the Dutch and French community have equal representation.

• The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
• This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
• This led to tension between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s-60s.
• The conflict was solved through an agreement that dutch should also have the same no. Of people and powers in the center.

Belgium, a small European country, has Dutch-, French- and German-speaking populations. While 59% of the total population of the country live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch, the other 40% of the people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. In Brussels, the capital of Belgium, about 80% of the people speak French, while the remaining 20% speak Dutch.

Sri Lankan Tamils felt alienated because: 

(i) Government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus disregarding Tamil. 

(ii) The governments followed preferential politics that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(iii) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. 

(iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture. 

(v) As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime and it soon turned into a Civil War.

(i) Government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus disregarding Tamil. 

(ii) The governments followed preferential politics that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(iii) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. 

(iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture. 

(v) As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime and it soon turned into a Civil War.

The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking

Belgium, a small European country, has Dutch-, French- and German-speaking populations. While 59% of the total population of the country live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch, the other 40% of the people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. In Brussels, the capital of Belgium, about 80% of the people speak French, while the remaining 20% speak Dutch.

The Path of accommodation adopted in Belgium by following ways:-

        1) Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central govt.

        2) Many Powers of the central government have been given to state govt. The state govt are not subordinate to the central govt.

        3) Brussels has a separate govt in which both the communities have equal representation. 

        4) There is a third kind of govt called community govt elected by the people belonging to Dutch, French and German no matter where they live

10 Science notes Chapter 6 Life Processes

Download CBSE class 10th revision notes for Chapter 6 Life Processes in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Life Processes class 10 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Life Processes class 10 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

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Will power is the desire to achieve something. If you have the will power to do something, then nothing can stop you from doing so. 

The Making of a Scientist is the story of a scientist named Richard H Ebright. It is an interesting study of how Ebright became a scientist. After the early death of her husband, Ebright was everything for his mother. He used to get top grades in schools. At a very early age, when he was just in the second standard, he had already collected 25 species of butterflies found around his hometown. The book The Travels of Monarch X gave him a thorough knowledge about the monarch butterflies. In the second year of his high school, Ebright began to search an unknown hormone in the gold spots of butterflies. In later years, he discovered how a cell could read the blueprint of its DNA.

The poem begins with a description of a tiger that is very beautiful and is walking in his little cage. He has beautiful stripes on his skin and has velvet like soft paws. But the tiger is not happy and is quite angry about being confined in the cage. The poet says that if the tiger was not confined to the zoo cage, he would have been hiding himself behind the long grass near some water body, in order to catch its prey that is the deer. Also, he would have terrorised the residents of the villages around the forest area. But the reality is totally opposite to this. He was confined in a cage which was made up of strong building material and he was helpless there. He could not show his power to the visitors, therefore, never tried to terrorize them. The tiger is described as being powerless and agonized by the poet. He says that during night also he is alone, hearing the voice of the patrolling vehicles of police and looking at the stars. The cage life has totally changed the tiger’s personality. The poet is trying to say that the animal which is famous for its fearlessness and freedom is confined and sad due to the human beings who want to derive pleasure by looking at him in the zoo cage.

Cambridge chauk
gajiyabad
New Delhi

26th may 2017

To
The editor
Hindustan times
New Delhi

subject:- the incidence taking place with aged living alone at home .

respected sir

through the column of your femous newspaper Hindustan times I would like to draw the attention of the authority towards the problem regarding the violence is taking place with aged. people living alone at home .

sir I want to say you that in our society many people's are busy in their life . many aged people stay at their home alone . there are lots of reasons behind staying at home alone. generally in city people think to live freely , lonely but they can't . as we know nowadays many criminals are surrounding around our society they are just waiting for an opportunity to for stealing expensive things. they generally get chance and done the crimes . when aged people are in the home they just enters and stole the expensive things and if the people try to catch him they just kill them . people are scared about it . the. crimes are increasing day by day .
I think to reduce this police should be aware about it and try to control over here.society guards should be aware and do properly their duties.
sir I had already written a letter to higher authority but they never take any action .
therefore it is requested to you kindly publish my point of view in your esteemed newspaper Hindustan times , so that higher authority may take immediate action on this problem.

thanking you sir
your sincerely
Anuj Singh.

समास ‘संक्षिप्तिकरण’ को समास कहते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में समास संक्षेप करने की एक प्रक्रिया है। दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों का परस्पर सम्बन्ध बताने वाले शब्दों अथवा कारक चिह्नों का लोप होने पर उन दो अथवा दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने एक स्वतन्त्र शब्द को समास कहते हैं। उदाहरण ‘दया का सागर’ का सामासिक शब्द बनता है ‘दयासागर’।

a) The colour of ferrous sulphate is green. It changes to brown after heating.

On heating: FeSO4​.7H2​O→FeSO4​(s)+7H2​O(g)

b) The product formed is ferric oxide (Fe2​O3​). This is a decomposition reaction.

On strong heating: 2FeSO4​(s)→Fe2​O3​(s)+SO2​(g)+SO3​(g)