Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. These non-living molecules are the actual foot-soldiers of the battle of sustenance of life. They range from small molecules such as primary and secondary metabolites and hormones to large macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids etc.

Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm or threat of injury or harm caused by an adult male, usually the husband, against his wife. Injury may be caused by physically beating up the woman or by emotionally abusing her. Abuse of the woman can also include verbal, sexual and economic abuse.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 extends the understanding of the term ‘domestic’ to include all women who ‘live or have lived together in a shared household’ with the male member who is perpetrating the violence

1.Orientalists gave deep respect for ancient cultures both of India and the west.

2.Orientalists thought that in order to understand India it was necessary to discover the sacred and legal texts that were produced in the ancient period.

3.Orientalists thought that understanding the sacred texts of India could reveal the real ideas and laws of Hindus and Muslims and only a new study of these texts could form the basis of future development in India. ..

The following were the provision English Education Act 1835:

(i) English was made the medium of instruction for higher education.
(ii)Promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta Madrasa and Benaras Sanskrit College was stopped. These institutions were seen as temples of darkness that were falling of themselves into decay.
(iii)English textbooks began to be produced for schools.

The company wanted to educate some of influential Indians and thereby win the confidence of the upper classes and consolidate its rule in India. So the Company established some centres of higher learning for the Hindus and the Muslims. British rule is said to have been responsible for the modernization witnessed in the Indian civilization. The impact of this process was quiet evident from the changes adopted by the Indians in their life style, thinking processes, attires, food and education. The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. Incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600, it was started as a monopolistic trading body so that England could participate in the East Indian spice trade.

Mahatma Gandhi Views on Caste System! Gandhi believed that Hindu society in its pristine state – during the Vedic times – was based on Varnashramadharma, or the law of varna and ashrama. According to Gandhi, this was society's “predominant characteristic”. Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later in India. Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple and complex.

The people of our country namely India was very affected by the unsuitable policies made by the East India company which was setup In Surat and from that it expand it's production all over our country and we had to faced many problems. A section of Indians resented attempts at social reforms because they were conservatives and believed in following ancient customs and traditions. Other reason was that a group of people did not like British to interfere in Indian religious practises (by passing various laws).

Green skills are those skills needed to adapt processes, services and products to climate change and the environmental regulations and requirements related to it. They include the knowledge, abilities, values and attitudes needed to live in, develop and support a sustainable and resource-efficient society.

From Meerut to Delhi:

1. On 29 March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a young soldier was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore and soldiers also rebelled against the use of greased cartridges.
2. In response to this revolt, soldiers were captured and were put in jail.
3. The response of the other Indian soldiers in Meerut was quite extraordinary, they marched to the jail to Meerut and released the imprisoned sepoys.
4. The sepoys rode all night of 10 May to reach Delhi.
5. The regiments stationed in Delhi also rose up in rebellion and many British officers were killed, arms and ammunition seized, buildings set on fire.
6. The soldiers forcibly met Bahadur Shah Zafar and proclaimed him as their leader.
7. Bahadur Shah accepted the rebellion’s plea & called regional rulers to fight against British.

The British changed their policies as a result of rebellion of 1857 in these ways.

1) British queen Elizabeth I took charge of administration and British Parliament passed an act in 1859. The powers of the East India Company were taken back and transferred to the British crown.

2) The rulers of Indian princely states were given assurance that their territories would not be annexed by the British. But the Indian rulers had to be loyal towards the British crown.

3) The British assured the land owners by making policies which protect their land.

4) The British reorganized their army by reducing the number of Indian soldiers and increasing the number of European soldiers.

5) The British decided to respect the customary religions and social practices of the people in India.

The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sons were shot dead before his eyes. He and his wife Begum Zinat Mahal were sent to prison in Rangoon in October 1858. Bahadur Shah Zafar died in the Rangoon jail in November 1862.

The new cartridges were suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs. Both Hindus and Muslim sepoys were offended by the introduction of these cartridges. Their religious sentiments were affected, and this was the reason they refused to use the cartridges. They felt that the British were trying to insult their religion.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi demanded the company to recognize her adopted son as the heir of the kingdom after the death of her husband. But the British refused to accept her adopted son as the ruler of Jhansi. By ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ introduced by Lord Dalhousie, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would ‘lapse’ and such kingdom would be annexed by the British Empire. However, the Company, confident of its superiority and military powers, turned down her pleas.

There was a wide spread impact on the people of the whole country and its ruling families after Bahadur Shah Zafar's support to the rebellion. These were:

• He wrote letters to all the chiefs and rulers of the country to come forward and organize a confederacy of Indian states to fight with Britishers. All small and big kingdoms, kings, Nawabs, Rajas, princes, zamindars, chiefs and even many Hindu and Muslim religious leaders welcomed this initial step taken by the Emperor and joined hands to rebel against the British.
• Regiment after regiment mutinied and started to join other troops at nodal points like- Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.
• The people of towns and villages also joined the rebellion in mass and rallied around local leaders, zamindars and rulers who were prepared to regain their lost authority and fight against the British.

Sedition Act of 1870 is an example of arbitrariness that continued to exist as part of British law. The idea of sedition was very broadly understood within this act. Any person protesting or criticising the British government could be arrested without due trial of court procedure.

The basic differences between rural and urban settlements are as follows:

 (i) The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities, whereas, urban settlements, depend on processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of services on the other.

 (ii) Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services not only to urban dwellers but also to the people of the rural settlements in their hinterlands in return for food and raw materials. This functional relationship between the urban and rural settlements takes place through transport and communication network.

 (iii) Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In urban areas, on the other hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are formal.