Option( b) and (c).

GB Pant along with other leaders like patel,br ambedkar and dhulekar etc. Oppose the separate electorate for Muslims and he also said that Muslims are not the minorities in this nation

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire which existed from the early 4th century CE to late 6th century CE. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is considered as the Golden Age of India by historians.

Kitab- Ul-hind .

Kitabul hindh

Kitab-ul-hind

Dasara Dibba or the Mahanavami Dibba is a beautiful stone platform located within the Royal Enclosure of Hampi. It was built during the Vijayanagara period by King Krishnadevaraya to commemorate his victory over Udaygiri. It was here where the King of Vijayanagar used to celebrate the festival of Dasara (Dussehra).

The permanent settlement came into operation in Bengal in 1793.This settlement was made with the rajas and the talukedarsof Bengal. They were now classified aszamindars and they had to pay the revenue demand that was fixed in perpetuity. Now the Zamindar was not a land owner in the village but revenue collector of the state .At the same time the Zamindar had to pay revenue rigidly on the due date even if crops had failed . In case of failure of payment estates were to be auctioned to recover the revenue.

What were its impact

The power of the Jotedars within the village was more effective than that of the Zamindars: 1. Jotedars were located in villages while Zamindars lived in urban areas. 2. Indirectly controlled the ryots by advancing money, controlling local trade. 3. With holding payment of revenue. 4. Holding benami lands. 5. Purchased Zamindars. the auctioned estates of 6. They became alternate source of power in villages.

Ans. Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities (i) According to him the city of Delhi covered a wide area and had a large population. (ii) The rampart round the city was without parallel. The breadth of its wall was of eleven cubits, and inside it were houses for the night sentry and gate-keepers (iii) There were twenty-eight gates of this city which are called darwaza and of these the Budaun darwaza was the greatest, inside the Mandwi darwaza there was a grain market, adjacent to the Gul darwaza there was an orchard. (iv) The city of Delhi had a fine cemetery in which graves had domes over them (v) The city was densely populated and prosperous. (vi) The cities had crowded streets, bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods (vii)The bazaars were the hubs of social and cultural activities. Most bazaars had a mosque and a temple, and these public performances by dancers, musicians and singers happened. (viii) The towns derived a significant portion of their wealth through the appropriation of surplus from villages (ix) Music in the market (Tarababad). (x) A unique system of communication (uluq and dawa)

The respective rights of the central governmentand the states was one of the most vigorously debated topics in the constituent assembly .Ambedkar Wanted strong and United centre as it could stop communal outbursts. Gopal Swami Ayyanger declared that the centre should be made as strong as possible. One member from the United province Balakrishna Sharma said r that only a strong centre could plan for the well being of the country, mobilize available economic resources and defend the country against foreign aggression.

Mohenjo daro

They can't marry in their clan , mother's gotra should not be adopted, father have to give stridhana etc.

The policy of annexation,doctrine of lapse, discrimination against Indians , economic and social policies of British

Of what ??

Cities and settlement of Harappan Civilisation were well-planned. Many craft production centres were there for whom raw material was brought from far-off places. Agriculture settlements were also developing. All these functions could have been performed by any ruling class because general masses could not take important collective decisions. Yet some scholars denied the existence of any ruling class in Harappan Civilisation but it hardly seems reality. In short, the following functions could have been performed by rulers in Harappan society:

1. Making urban planning: Urban planning of Harappan Civilisation was of top quality. Cities were developed according to proper plan. Streets and roads were wide enough. All the roads bisect each other at right angles. People used to live in houses of baked bricks. Length, breadths and width of the bricks were of standard size. Ruler class used to live in citadel of towns and common people lived in lower city. There were provision for windows and doors in the houses. Every house had courtyard, stairs, bathroom, and kitchen. There were two or three storyed buildings. People used to make large buildings. One great bath has also been found at Mohenjodaro which could have been used for some kind of special ritual bath. It was 11.88 metres in length 7.01 mts in breadth and 2.43 mt in depth. The largest building of this town was the warehouse with the dimension of 45.71 x 15.23 mt. Six warehouses have been found at Harappa. Harappan cities had the carefully planned drainage system. Drainage system was properly made which was covered with bricks. These bricks could have been removed at the time of cleaning. Domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains. Every house needed to have one wall along a street.
2. Different Crafts: different types of crafts prevailed in Harappan culture which could have been regulated by the state. Tin and nickel were mixed by craftsmen to make copper. Copper was used to make statues, jars and different types of implements like axe, cutter, knife, etc. Evidences have been found about different crafts prevailed in Harappan towns. They were very much expert in making seals and jewellery of gold and silver and statues. Harappan craftsmen were also expert in bread-making. They were familiar with the art of weight-making. Jars made by them were quite shining.
3. Settlement near Raw material: Some raw materials were available for craftsmen in local places. That is why craft centres were developed, by the state near those areas where raw material were easily available. Raw materials included beads, shells and metals etc.
4. Procuring raw material from distant places: Rulers used to send expeditions to far-off places to procure raw material for craft production. For example expeditions may have been sent to Khetri region of Rajasthan. (For Copper) and South India (Gold).
5. Contacts with distant lands: Rulers used to establish contacts with distant lands. Mainly copper was brought through these contacts. Evidences have been found that copper was brought from Oman, on the South east trip of the Arabian Peninsula.

As there were no signs of a king in the Harappan civilization just a sculpture was found but not sure abt that

Pgl h ky

https://youtu.be/g4ktx8yi33U

Ans kaha he isme

Write 3-4 lines about the answer Then came to points write all the points And then explain very single point 👉👉

The Permanent Settlement achieved an unfriendly impact on the Zamindars. A large number of them couldn't understand or gather the land income from the occupants and subsequently couldn't pay the cash to the public authority in time thus their properties were sold.

The deciphering of Kharosthi script was facililated by find of coin of indigo-Greek king who ruled over the area during 2nd to 1st BC. These coins contain the names of kings written in Greek and Kharoshti scripts. European scholars who could read Greek script compared the letters of Greek and Kharosthi.

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras

There were over 4 caste system

Water Resources: To fulfil their water requirements, the rulers of Vijayanagara, built reservoirs of varying sizes. As this city was in the aridest zones of the peninsula, the rulers made elaborate arrangements to store rainwater and take it to the city. They built a very large tank in the early years of the fifteenth century. It is now called Kamalapuram Tank. This water not only irrigated the fields but also served the royal centre. The water of the river Tungabhadra was also fully utilised. Besides, there was the Hiriya Canal which drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra river. This canal, built by kings of the Sangama Dynasty irrigated the cultivated valley.
Fortifications: Different parts of the city of Vijayanagara were enclosed with great fortress walls. There were seven lines of forts that not only encircled the city of Vijayanagara but also its agricultural land and forests. The outer-most wall linked the hills surrounding the city. This wall was built with wedge-shaped blocks of stone. They fixed well into each other and did not require mortar or any cementing agent. The inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble.
This fortification enclosed agricultural tracts like cultivated fields, gardens and forests. Modern archaeologists have found evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the urban core. To irrigate this tract, there was an elaborate canal system that drew water from the Tungabhadra.
The agricultural tracts were incorporated within the 'fortified area with a purpose. In the medieval periods, sieges were laid to starve the defenders into submission. These sieges could last even for months and years. So the rulers built large granaries within the fortified areas. Therefore the rulers of Vijayanagara adopted an elaborate strategy to protect their agricultural belt.
However, the second line of fortification surrounded the inner core of the urban complex and the third line of fortification went round the royal centre. There were well-guarded gates to enter the fort which led to the major roads. They had distinctive architectural features. There was an arch on the gateway and a dome over the gate.
Roads: The roads linked different parts of the city of Vijayanagara. They also led out of the city, went through the whole valley and avoided rocky terrain. Many important roads started from temple gateways and were lined by bazaars.

He found these hills as impenetrable. They posed a great risk and danger to the travellers like him. Buchanan also found the hilly people as hostile, apprehensive and not willing to talk to any traveller. In fact, all the Paharis looked at him with suspicion and distrust.

The subsidiary alliance was imposed on Awadh in 1801.

Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, (born October 15?, 1542, Umarkot [now in Sindh province, Pakistan]—died c. October 25, 1605, Agra, India), the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Rajasthani school of miniature painting flourished between 16th to early 19th century in the principalities of Rajasthan. Dr. A coomarswami The great scholar of Indian Art History discovered this school and introduced it as Rajput school. Later this school was called Rajasthani school.

The Harrapan civilisation was a kind of well planned and beautiful one. But in case of religion we don't find any kind of archeological evidences to support that those people belong to a specific religion or what god they worshipped, so archeologists assume that they belong to a religion based on other evidences collected from archeological findings.

Worship of a male deity, most likely to be of Lord Shiva; Worship of animals, nature, semi human, or fabulous. Worship of trees in their natural state or of their indwelling spirits. Worship of inanimate stones or other objects, of linga and yoni symbol.

The begum Shahjahan and her succeser Sultan jahan begumof Bhopal played a important role in preserving the stupa by the following ways.1.The Begum gave financial support to preserve the historic place.2.A museum was built near the stupa with the support of Begum of bhopal. Support from Europe was also come for the stupa preservation.

Agricultural technology or agrotechnology is the use of technology in agriculture, horticulture, and aquaculture with the aim of improving yield, efficiency, and profitability. Agricultural technology can be products, services or applications derived from agriculture that improve various input/output processes.