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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 11 months ago
He found these hills as impenetrable. They posed a great risk and danger to the travellers like him. Buchanan also found the hilly people as hostile, apprehensive and not willing to talk to any traveller. In fact, all the Paharis looked at him with suspicion and distrust.
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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 11 months ago
Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, (born October 15?, 1542, Umarkot [now in Sindh province, Pakistan]—died c. October 25, 1605, Agra, India), the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent.
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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 11 months ago
Rajasthani school of miniature painting flourished between 16th to early 19th century in the principalities of Rajasthan. Dr. A coomarswami The great scholar of Indian Art History discovered this school and introduced it as Rajput school. Later this school was called Rajasthani school.
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Worship of a male deity, most likely to be of Lord Shiva; Worship of animals, nature, semi human, or fabulous. Worship of trees in their natural state or of their indwelling spirits. Worship of inanimate stones or other objects, of linga and yoni symbol.
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Agricultural technology or agrotechnology is the use of technology in agriculture, horticulture, and aquaculture with the aim of improving yield, efficiency, and profitability. Agricultural technology can be products, services or applications derived from agriculture that improve various input/output processes.
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The Urban Core was the elite residential zone of the Vijayanagara capital. It was surrounded in the east by the Raghunatha temple on the Malyavanta hill and ridges, valleys and rocky outcrops. Massive fortifications with bastions and gateways at strategic locations surround the Urban Core.
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Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
- Sangama.
- Saluva.
- Tuluva.
- Aravidu.
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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 11 months ago
Water Resources: To fulfil their water requirements, the rulers of Vijayanagara, built reservoirs of varying sizes. As this city was in the aridest zones of the peninsula, the rulers made elaborate arrangements to store rainwater and take it to the city. They built a very large tank in the early years of the fifteenth century. It is now called Kamalapuram Tank. This water not only irrigated the fields but also served the royal centre. The water of the river Tungabhadra was also fully utilised. Besides, there was the Hiriya Canal which drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra river. This canal, built by kings of the Sangama Dynasty irrigated the cultivated valley.
Fortifications: Different parts of the city of Vijayanagara were enclosed with great fortress walls. There were seven lines of forts that not only encircled the city of Vijayanagara but also its agricultural land and forests. The outer-most wall linked the hills surrounding the city. This wall was built with wedge-shaped blocks of stone. They fixed well into each other and did not require mortar or any cementing agent. The inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble.
This fortification enclosed agricultural tracts like cultivated fields, gardens and forests. Modern archaeologists have found evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the urban core. To irrigate this tract, there was an elaborate canal system that drew water from the Tungabhadra.
The agricultural tracts were incorporated within the 'fortified area with a purpose. In the medieval periods, sieges were laid to starve the defenders into submission. These sieges could last even for months and years. So the rulers built large granaries within the fortified areas. Therefore the rulers of Vijayanagara adopted an elaborate strategy to protect their agricultural belt.
However, the second line of fortification surrounded the inner core of the urban complex and the third line of fortification went round the royal centre. There were well-guarded gates to enter the fort which led to the major roads. They had distinctive architectural features. There was an arch on the gateway and a dome over the gate.
Roads: The roads linked different parts of the city of Vijayanagara. They also led out of the city, went through the whole valley and avoided rocky terrain. Many important roads started from temple gateways and were lined by bazaars.
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