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The two methods are: (i) The plough was used in the alluvial soil in Ganga and Kavery valley to increase production. (ii) There was another method to increase production — irrigation through wells and tanks.

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Q1)Write main features of social life of the Harappan people. Q2) describe the contribution of John marshal in the Indian archaeology

Posted by Shiv Om 1 year, 6 months ago

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Pranjal Bindra 1 year, 6 months ago

He was the director-general of the ASI from 1902 to 1928. His excavation led to the discovery of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, two of the main cities that comprised the Indus Valley Civilisation. It was thanks to Marshall that Indians were allowed for the first time to participate at excavations in their own country.

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Pranjal Bindra 1 year, 6 months ago

The society was predominantly matriarchal. There were strong family organisations among the people. Social amusements included hunting wild animals, bullfighting, fishing, and clay modelling. The children of artisans inherited their skills in crafting from their parents.

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Ch4 notes

Posted by Ujjwala Verma 1 year, 6 months ago

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Explain with examples the layout design of the Great Bath on the Citadel in Mohenjodaro

Posted by Harshit Singh Chauhan 1 year, 6 months ago

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Pranjal Bindra 1 year, 6 months ago

The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the Harappan Civilization excavated at Mohenjo-daro in present-day Sindh province of Pakistan.Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the third millennium BCE, soon after the raising of the "citadel" mound on which it is located.The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient world". It measures approximately 12 metres (40 ft) by 7 metres (23 ft), with a maximum depth of 2.4 metres (8 ft).Two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south, served as the entry to the structure.A ledge 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) high extending the entire width of the bath is at the lower ends of these stairs. The sloping floor leads to a small outlet at the southwestern corner of the tank, connecting corbelled arch drain, which led the used water out of the bath. The floor of the tank was watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with a gypsum plaster, and the side walls were constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more watertight, a thick layer of bitumen (waterproof tar) was laid along the sides of the pool and presumably also on the floor. Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges. The preserved columns had stepped edges that may have held wooden screens or window frames. Two large doors lead into the complex from the south and other access was from the north and east. A series of rooms were located along the eastern edge of the building and in one room was a well that may have supplied some of the water needed to fill the tank. Rainwater also may have been collected for the purpose, but no inlet drains have been found. It may have had a long bathing pool built with waterproof bricks. "Most scholars agree that this tank would have been used for special religious functions where water was used to purify and renew the well being of the bathers.This indicates the importance attached to ceremonial bathing in sacred tanks, pools and rivers since time immemorial." J. M. Kenoyer

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Explain the system of land grant system during 600 BCE

Posted by Sneha Lipsa Pradhan 1 year, 6 months ago

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Discuss the relation between Varna and property

Posted by Sanchita Mondal 1 year, 6 months ago

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Aslam Shah 1 year, 6 months ago

India....the people from lower Varna, i.e.shudras were not given access to public properties. For example,they were not allowed to use the public wells or enter temples. Gender: women were expected to stay at home and do household, while only men went to earn for the family.

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Who was John Marshall? What was his method of excavation?

Posted by Divya Jayaswal 1 year, 6 months ago

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Familiarize the leaner with the early urban centers as economic and social institutions

Posted by Manish Kumar 1 year, 6 months ago

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Collect illustrations of ten things made of stone metal and clay produce and used at present. compare these with the pictures of the Harappan civilization in this chapter,and discuss the similarities and differences then you find

Posted by Indra Hang Subba 1 year, 6 months ago

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Notes

Posted by Ranveer Verma 1 year, 6 months ago

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Differentiate citadel and lower town

Posted by Krati Vashistha 1 year, 6 months ago

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Riya Sinha 1 year, 6 months ago

Mohenjodaro consisted of two towns i.e citadel and lower town. Citadel was higher(it was build in a base foundation) and was comparatively smaller than lower town which was larger and lower than citadel. Citadel beleived to be used for purposes and lower town consisted residential housing.

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Discuss the evidence of craft production in early historic cities. In what ways is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities?

Posted by Ujjwal Verma 1 year, 7 months ago

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Notes of chapter 2nd

Posted by Tushar Khoiwal 1 year, 7 months ago

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Full chapter video

Posted by Anchal Kumari Singh 1 year, 7 months ago

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Drawbacks of crown ownership

Posted by Deepanshi Deepanshi 1 year, 7 months ago

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Please send some important key words of part I history claass 12th 🙏🙏

Posted by Naved Aslam 1 year, 6 months ago

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One of the most distinctive features of harappan cities waa the carefully planned drainage system". Elaborate it with examples. 5 marks

Posted by Yash. Jr 1 year, 7 months ago

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Q. Explain how the people of vijayanagara obtain water for their needs?

Posted by Sneha Devi 1 year, 7 months ago

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Sneha Devi 1 year, 7 months ago

The requirement of water in vijayanagara was fulfill from the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This flowed in the northwestern direction and was surrounded by stunning granite hills. It flowed down to the river Tungsbhadra. So the rulers of the vijayanagara got built large embankment to store water. They also constructed reservoirs of varying sizes. They also make arrangement to store the rain water as this was the most arid zone of the peninsula.

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Discuss about John Marshall contribution

Posted by Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

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Anandi Sigar 1 year, 7 months ago

Please !don't copy it in the final exam otherwise your marks will be deducted . Try to write in points .

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Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

John Marshall was the Director General of ASI from 1902 to 1928. In fact, John Marshall’s stint as Director-General of the ASI marked a major change in Indian archaeology. He was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field. More importantly, though like Cunningham he too was interested in spectacular finds, he was equally keen to look for patterns of everyday life. Before discussing John Marshall's work we should discuss the general picture of archaeology in India of that time. Most of the archaeologist prior to Marshall was of view that indian civilization started from 6th century BCE and there was this tendency to use written words to guide the archaeological digs. Thus when Cunnigham came across with Harappan artefacts he was not able to understand it and tried very hard to fit it within the time frame he was familiar with (6th - 4th century BCE). It was much later when Daya Ram Sahni discovered seals which he found in the layer of soil which was way more older than the 6th century BCE. The information began to come and it was Rakhal Das Bannerji who discovered the similarities of the seals discovered from the various sites leading to the conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture. Based on these finds, in 1924, John Marshall, Director General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world. It was then that the world knew not only of a new civilisation, but also of one contemporaneous with Mesopotamia. However it was also during Marshall's stints as Director General that lots of context in which artefacts were discovered were lost becuase he ignored the stratigraphy of soil, the mistake which was noted by Wheeler ( next director general). Even then it was during his tenure that Indians were allowed to participate in excavations in their own country. And as S N Roy has said “Marshall left India three thousand years older than he had found her.”

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Discuss about Cunningham's confusion

Posted by Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

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Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

Cunningham's Confusion were: (i) Cunningham's main interest was in the archaeology of the Early Historic and later periods. Cunningham tried to place Harappan seals within the time-frame with which he was familiar. (ii) He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries CE to locate early settlement. (iii) Cunningham also collected, documented and translated inscriptions found during his surveys. When he excavated sites he tended to recover artefacts that he thought had cultural value. (iv) A site like Harappa which was not part of the itinerary of the Chinese pilgrims, did not fit very neatly within his framework of investigation. Cunningham did not realize how old Harappa artifacts were.

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How did the Harappans obtain red colour of carnelian??

Posted by Sneha Devi 1 year, 8 months ago

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Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

Harappan obtain red colour of carnelian by firing the yellowish raw materials and beads at various stages of production

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Sneha Devi 1 year, 8 months ago

Harappan obtain red colour of carnelian by firing the yellowish raw materials and beads at various stages of production

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Explain the importance of non corporation movement

Posted by Gaurav Yadav 1 year, 7 months ago

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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 7 months ago

This movement was training for self-rule.
For the first time, since 1857, the foundation of British rule was shaken.

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Ishita Rawat 1 year, 7 months ago

This movement was training for self-rule. For the first time, since 1857, the foundation of British rule was shaken.

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Bharat or Bangladesh ke sambandh btaye

Posted by Prem Singh 1 year, 8 months ago

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Himanshi Sharma 1 year, 8 months ago

Issue on the sharing of Ganga Brahmaputra river Bangladesh is the part of India's look east policy Bangladesh refused to allow India troops to pass through its territory to reach at north east region . Bangladesh supports anti Indian Islamic groups Bangladesh believed that India performed armed rebellion at Chittagong hill tract

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About sufism

Posted by Sakshu Tiwari 1 year, 9 months ago

CBSE > Class 12 > History