List of Advantages of Computer Networking
1. It enhances communication and availability of information. 
Networking, especially with full access to the web, allows ways of communication that would simply be impossible before it was developed. Instant messaging can now allow users to talk in real time and send files to other people wherever they are in the world, which is a huge boon for businesses. Also, it allows access to a vast amount of useful information, including traditional reference materials and timely facts, such as news and current events.
2. It allows for more convenient resource sharing. 
This benefit is very important, particularly for larger companies that really need to produce huge numbers of resources to be shared to all the people. Since the technology involves computer-based work, it is assured that the resources they wanted to get across would be completely shared by connecting to a computer network which their audience is also using.
3. It makes file sharing easier. 
Computer networking allows easier accessibility for people to share their files, which greatly helps them with saving more time and effort, since they could do file sharing more accordingly and effectively.
4. It is highly flexible. 
This technology is known to be very flexible, as it gives users the opportunity to explore everything about essential things, such as software without affecting their functionality. Plus, people will have the accessibility to all information they need to get and share.
5. It is an inexpensive system. 
Installing networking software on your device would not cost too much, as you are assured that it lasts and can effectively share information to your peers. Also, there is no need to change the software regularly, as mostly it is not required to do so.

Overnight, the freedom to pass between the two sections of Berlin ended. Running across cemeteries and along canals, zigzagging through the city streets, the Berlin Wall was a chilling symbol of the Iron Curtain that divided all of Europe between communism and democracy. Berlin was at the heart of the Cold War. A 1948 map detailing the Berlin Blockade, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the western allies' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. When Khrushchev's December 1961 deadline passed without incident, the conflict over the future of the city receded with no further Soviet agitation concerning a treaty. A major outcome of the Berlin crisis was a new understanding between the United States and the Soviet Union.

There was a rise of nationalism in Europe in the 1830s and the following years.

• During this time as conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, there was a rise of liberal and national forces and they came to be associated with revolutions.
• In July 1830 in France, the Bourbon kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and constitutional monarchy was restored with with Louis Philippe at its head.
• An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation

Marianne was the female allegory of france
she was represented as the symbol of liberty .
she wears the cockade,red cap of liberty etc
her statues were established on market place to create a sense of liberty among yhe citizens

Germania was the female allegory of Germany
she wears the crown which contains the german oak leaves symbolise the heroism
her sword show readiness to fight
and the olive leaves surrounded show willingness to have peace

The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. The following points state its spread
(i) In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a Militant Guerrilla Movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas which affected the livelihood of the forest people. When the government forced them to contribute begar or free labour, they revolted. Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals came to lead them and the Gudem rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Leaf is a flattened and thin structure of higher plants which perform functions like photosynthesis and transpiration.

Leaves have adapted their structure which complement their functions:

Large surface area: The flattened structure increases the surface area of the leaves so that more light falls on the leaves. It increases the rate of the photosynthesis.

Thin structure: The thin structure of the leaves helps in the diffusion or exchange of the gases between atmosphere and cells of the leaves.

Veins: these are structures which help in transportation of water and food.

Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the surface of leaves which help in exchange of gases and water.

On rubbing a glass rod with silk, the electrons from the glass rod get transferred to the silk. The silk now has an excess of electrons and so is negatively-charged. On the other hand, the glass rod is deficient in electrons and hence is positively-charged.
In the above example, the silk undergoes negative electrification.
Hence, silk obtains negative charge and glass retains positive charge.

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural backgrounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their nation keeps them together.

The Ethnic Composition of the small country like Belgium is very complex because of various languages speaking people like: (i) Of the country's total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. (ii) Another 40 per cent live in the "Wallonia region" and speak French. The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%. The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region.

Plaster of paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrates. Its chemical formula is: CaSO4. ½H2O.

It is prepared by heating gypsum to a temperature of 100°C in a kiln; it loses ¾ of its water of crystallisation and forms plaster of paris.

Uses of Plaster of paris:

(i) It is used as a fire proofing material.

(ii) It is used in hospitals for setting fractured bones in the right position to ensure correct healing.

Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate. When gypsum is heated to a temperature of 100 °C, it loses ¾ of its water of crystallisation and forms plaster of paris.