In chemistry, a catalyst is any substance that increases a reaction rate without being consumed on its own. In other words it’s a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in identity. 

Democracy better than any other form of government because: A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.  There is one respect in which democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives: democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people's own government.

Gross Cropped Area (GCA) is the total area sown once as well as more than once in a particular year. When the crop is sown on a piece of land for twice, the area is counted twice in GCA. On the other hand, Net Sown Area is the area sown with crops but is counted only once.

Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday’s law of induction.

Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field.

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Electromagnetic Induction is the governing principle that is used to explain how electric generators (also called alternators), microphones, electric guitars, and transformers operate.

The current contained in the conductor is said to alternate because its current flows back and forth, as a result of the conductor being first raised and then lowered in the magnetic field. In short, currents help to create magnetic fields.

A moving or changing magnetic field does produce a current in a current loop or a voltage across the ends of a current loop. This is called electromagnetic induction and the current or voltage is called an induced current or an induced voltage.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do. The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids.

When dilute Hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings, iron chloride & hydrogen gas is produced. The iron displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid to form iron (II) chloride & hydrogen gas. Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce iron(II) chloride and hydrogen gas: Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) The H 2 gas from the reaction of 2.2 g of iron with excess acid is collected in a 10.0-L flask at 25 °C.

When dilute Hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings, iron chloride & hydrogen gas is produced. The iron displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid to form iron (II) chloride & hydrogen gas. Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce iron(II) chloride and hydrogen gas:

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) The H 2 gas from the reaction of 2.2 g of iron with excess acid is collected in a 10.0-L flask at 25 °C.

A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the reactants and products. It has equal masses of various elements in the reactants and products.

Example: Zn + H2SO4 - ZnSO4 + H2

• Balancing the Chemical Equations:

1. In  a  balanced  chemical  equation,  the  total  number  of  atoms of  each element of the  reactants on the left hand side of the equation is equal to the number of atoms of the products formed on the right hand side of the equation.
2. The total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products or the number of atoms of each element before the reaction and after the reaction is equal.

Those reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions.

Example: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) - AgCl (s)+ NaNO3 (aq)

When silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution, then a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed alongwith sodium nitrate solution. In this reaction, two compounds, silver nitrate and sodium chloride, react to form two new compounds,, silver chloride and sodium nitrate.

Sucrose is the sugar which is known as table sugar. Sucrose is found in all photosynthetic plants. It is commercially obtained from sugarcane and sugar beets via an industrial process. The molecular formula of sucrose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Sucrose comprises α form of glucose and β form of fructose. It is formed by condensation the reducing carbon atoms of glucose (C1 – α) and fructose (C2 -β). The glycosidic in a sucrose molecule linkage is 1α-2β linkage. On hydrolysis by acids or invertase enzyme, sucrose gives one molecule each of D-Glucose and D-Fructose. Sucrose is dextrorotatory, with a specific rotation of +66.5%, D-glucose has a positive specific rotation of, [α]D = +53°, while D-fructose has negative rotation of [α]D = -92°. The hydrolyzed mixer has an equal concentration of glucose and fructose with negative rotation. Hence the mixture is called invert sugar.

• Sucrose is combined at the hemiacetal oxygen and does not have a free hemiacetal hydroxide.
• Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
• Does not show mutarotation (α to β conversion).
• Sucrose also does not form osazones for the same reason.

Magnesium sulfate as a medication is used to treat and prevent low blood magnesium and seizures in women with eclampsia. It is also used in the treatment of torsades de pointes, severe asthma exacerbations, constipation, and barium poisoning. It is given by injection into a vein or muscle as well as by mouth. Magnesium sulfate injection is a naturally occurring mineral used to control low blood levels of magnesium. Magnesium sulfate injection is also used for pediatric acute nephritis and to prevent seizures in severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, or toxemia of pregnancy.