The military generals of south africa, bedecked their chests with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. But some years ago, the same officers arrested him and put him into prison.

Their attitude changed as Mandela became the first black president of South Africa after a long period of struggle.

India is referred to as a subcontinent for a reason: diverse people, varied topography, and different cultures reside under the name of one unified polity – India. Overpowering these vast differences i.e., the ability to exist as one in spite of these differences, is one of the most successful achievements that India as a nation has achieved.

The Government has launched many schemes and plans to protect this ‘Unity in Diversity’. The one factor that gave the best result was increasing people-to-people contact. The dense roadways have been effective in realising this objective, and the super-highways are the most impressive development in that direction.

These super-highways are constructed with the objective to reduce the distance, and hence time, between the megacities of India. This would result in a quicker flow of goods, passengers and ideas across megacities.

Right to safety means that we as consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property. ... For example, pressure cookers have a safety valve, which if defective can cause a serious accident. Right to safety in consumer rights means that we as consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property. Producers and manufacturers should adhere to safety norms while manufacturing goods.

Tourism is the biggest industry in the world from the point of view of turnover. The capital investment in this industry is now even more than oil-industry. Many countries in Europe and Asia now completely depend on the income coming from tourism. Again being labour oriented industry, tourism generates maximum number of employment directly or indirectly.
In India, tourism is a late started industry. After the independence, the Govt. started taking plans to organize and develop the tourism destinations scattered all over the country. Now tourism in India is in such a position which is desirable countries economy. From the civil aviation to hotel industry, everywhere the infrastructural development is remarkable. After the reformation of Indian economy in 1990 with the open policy taken by the then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is now increasing gradually.
The steps taken by Govt. – 1} Plans for regional development with the help of tourism where other industries are not in their best.
2} Started one – window policy to boost the direct and as well as indirect investment in tourism.
3} Plans preservation of cultural, heritage and environment at tourist destinations to attract more tourists.
4} Development of infrastructure to meet the present and future needs of tourist.
5} Started different types of luxurious trains like Palace on Wheels, Royal Orient or Deccan Queens.
6} Developing basic infrastructure.
7} Started overseas offices at different countries to promote India as a tourism destination.
8} Proper coordination between the states and central tourism departments been ordered to develop the destinations.
9} Started different packages to attract for those destinations attracting more tourists.
10} Developed different Tourism Circuits like Golden Triangle or Buddhist Circuit to attract more tourists.
11} ITDC is now taking part in different tourism fairs all over the world.
12} Trying to provide best of the services in Air India and in Indian Rail.
13} Building accommodation in Govt. level and encouraging the private companies to invest in accommodation sector by giving them different tax benefits.

Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.

• They are sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas, the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
• Due to dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
• The lower layers of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
• After proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.

Hari Singh was a 15 years boy who was an experienced and a successful thief. He was successful because of his cleverness and intelligence. He carefully planned everything before choosing his victims. He went to places where people would unsuspect him and win their confidence to get job.

After sometime he would run away stealing money from there. Thus he used to change his name to fool the police and his former employers. Thus he was a lair. He was cruel enough to rob a simple and trusting man like Anil. He managed to steal six hundred rupees from his house.

Later there is a transformation  in the end of this story where he decides to come back to Anil and keep his trust alive. This shows that there is good in every bad person. He wanted to become an educated person in the future. He wanted to mend his ways and become clever and respected man and earn his livelihood honestly without stealing.

Metals which form an amphoteric oxide are zinc, tin, lead, aluminium and beryllium. e.g., Zinc and aluminium forms zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminium oxide (Al_2​O₃​) respectively.
Amphoteric oxides react with acids as well as bases. Thus ZnO will react with HCl as  well as with NaOH.
ZnO+2HCl→ZnCl_2​+H_2​O
ZnO+2NaOH→Na_2​ZnO₂​ + H_2​O

First of all, we need to take a potted plant with variegated leaves like croton and keep it a dark region, away from sunlight for 3 days. This will halt photosynthesis and destarch the plant.

Next keep this plant in sunlight for 6-8 hours. The plant can now carry out photosynthesis and produce starch.

Next,luck a leaf from this plant and mark the green areas in it and trace them on a sheet of paper. Mark the regions as green and yellow. . As can be deduced, the green areas contain chlorophyll which is absent in the yellow areas. 

Next immerse the leaf in boiling alcohol so as to decolourise it. he leaf slowly loses its green color, which goes into the alcohol.Dip this decolorized leaf in iodine solution using a pair of forceps.   Now remove the leaf from iodine solution and rinse it in distilled water. Remove the leaf from distilled water and keep it on a petri dish. Two color regions are visible in the leaf. They are reddish brown and blue-black.Compare this leaf with the previously traced drawing on the graph paper. een parts of the tracing and blue-black regions of the leaf coincide. Similarly the reddish brown regions in the leaf coincide with the yellow areas on the traced figure. we can conclude that the earlier green parts of the leaf turn blue-black whereas the yellow parts have become reddish brown. Green parts of the leaf possess chlorophyll; hence they carry out photosynthesis and produce starch, which turns blue-black with iodine. The yellow regions of the leaf cannot carry out photosynthesis since they lack chlorophyll and hence no starch is produced here.

• The major social groups of Sri Lanka are: the Sinhala speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil speakers (18 per cent).
• Among Tamils there are two sub-groups: Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ and the rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
• Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country.
• Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians who are both Tamils and Sinhalas

There are few enzymes to make the food particles smaller and smaller so that digestion becomes faster
In that case few acid juices are secreted pike bile juice,intestinal juices,gastric juices to break down the food particles these makes food acidic and after this it travels into intestine and becomes alkaline

Vestigial organs are the organs that have no apparent function and are considered to be the residual parts from the past ancestors.

ollowing are a few examples of vestigial organs:

Sinuses

Human cheekbones hold the maxillary sinuses. The face consists of pockets of air called sinuses. They are lined by a thin layer of mucosa. It has no significant use but infection can lead to sinusitis.

Appendix

It is one of the most commonly known vestigial organs. This finger-like tube closed at one end arises from the vermiform process. In prime ancestors, the appendix is believed to have brought about the digestion of cellulose. Today, scientists predict that the appendix may play a role in digestion by bacteria.

Coccyx

It forms the last part of the vertebral column, the residue of the lost tail and is often termed as the tailbone. It is observed during human embryogenesis. This formed as the centrepiece of the ‘theory of recapitulation’.

Wisdom Tooth

Forms the third set of molars in our buccal cavity. They may have been significant in the past(chewing rough and raw food) but in modern times, as they are inaccessible and remote, it causes pain and infection.

During a single cycle blood goes twice in the heart which is known as double circulation. It is necessary in human being to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood because this makes their circulatory system is more efficient and helps in maintaining constant body temperature.