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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.
In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.
Posted by Rohan Kumar 5 years, 6 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
Liver, lungs, and skin also play an important role in the process of excretion.
Role of the liver:
Liver is the largest gland in vertebrates. It helps in the excretion of cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamins, drugs, and other waste materials through bile. Urea is formed in the liver by the ornithine cycle. Ammonia – a toxic substance – is quickly changed into urea in the liver and then eliminated from the body. Liver also changes the decomposed haemoglobin pigment into bile pigments called bilirubin and biliverdin.
Role of the lungs:
Lungs help in the removing waste materials such as carbon dioxide from the body.
Role of the skin:
Skin has many glands which help in excreting waste products through pores. It has two types of glands – sweat and sebaceous glands.
Sweat glands are highly vascular and tubular glands that separate the waste products from the blood and excrete them in the form of sweat. Sweat excretes excess salt and water from the body.
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Human Digestive System
A human digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body and the unused parts of the food are defecated. Human digestive system is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas, etc). These two parts together help in digestion in humans.
The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed. It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx, esophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and finally ends at the ****. The food particles get digested gradually as they travel through various compartments of the alimentary canal. Accessory organs are organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes.
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity. The mouth has many accessory organs such as the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, which help in the digestion of food. Teeth grind the food into small pieces. Salivary glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called the salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch content and moistens the food, before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.
Pharynx
The pharynx passes the chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The flap of tissue known as the epiglottis present in pharynx prevents food from entering into the wide pipe
Esophagus or Food Pipe
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length and pushes it down to the stomach.
Stomach
The stomach is a thick-walled muscular bag that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It is the largest part of the human digestive system. Stomach acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end. The inner walls of the stomach consist of the gastric glands which secrete mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. These continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.
Mucous protects the lining of the stomach while acid kills bacteria that enter the body along with the food. Hydrochloric acid also makes the medium in the stomach acidic, which helps the digestive enzymes like pepsin to act. The digestive enzymes break down proteins into simpler substances.
Small Intestine
The small intestine is the longest part of the human digestive system. It is a highly coiled long, thin tube which is about 7.5 metres in length. The length of the small intestine depends on the diet of the organism. A major proportion of digestion takes place in the small intestines. All types of nutrients are digested here with the help of secretions which it receives from the liver and the pancreas. The walls of the small intestine also secrete juices for digesting food.
The liver releases bile juice which alkalizes the acidic food received from the stomach and also emulsifies the fat content. The pancreatic juice digests the proteins and lipids. Finally, the intestinal secretions convert the carbohydrates into glucose, proteins to amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Once the food is broken down into the simple particles, it is ready to be absorbed by the body. The villi, finger-like projections present on the walls of the small intestine, absorb the digested food by increasing the surface area. The absorbed food is then transported to different parts of the body through the blood vessels for cell activities.
Large Intestine
The large intestine is a long, thick tube which is about 1.5 meters long. The large intestine absorbs water and small amounts of nutrients from the undigested food with the help of many symbiotic bacteria residing in it. The remaining waste passes into the rectum, where it remains as semi-solid feces. Feces exit the body through the **** via time-to-time excretion. This process is called Digestion.
Posted by Rohan Kumar 5 years, 6 months ago
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The excretory system of human beings consists of the following main organs: two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
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The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta.
Placenta is a disc like special tissue which develops between the uterus wall and the embryo after implantation. Its function is the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue. On the mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta.
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Vegetative Propagation
It is the mode of asexual reproduction in plants. Plant parts are detached from the parent & form a new plant. Structures which help in vegetative propagation are called Vegetative propagules. Example: Rhizome, tuber etc.
Natural vegetative propagation
- Root
- Stem
- Leaves
Artificial vegetative propagation
- Cutting
- Layering
- Grafting
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An electric motor is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
A simple motor has the following parts:
- A power supply – mostly DC for a simple motor
- Field Magnet – could be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet
- An Armature or rotor
- Commutator
- Brushes
- Axle
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