• A kidney is composed of an enormous number of uriniferous tubules. They are also known as nephrons or renal tubules or kidney tubules.
• Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney.
• Each kidney is formed of about 1 million nephrons.
• Nephrons are held together by a connective tissue.

Structure of nephron:

• Each nephron is made of a glomerulus and a renal tubule.

Glomerulus:

• It is a tuft of anastomosing blood capillaries formed by the fine branches of the
  afferent arteriole. 
• These capillaries of the glomerulus again unite to form the efferent arteriole.
• The afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole.
• The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus, while the efferent arteriole collects blood from the glomerulus.

Renal Tubule:

The renal tubule comprises the following regions:

Bowman’s Capsule

• The Bowman’s capsule lies in the cortex.
• It is a thin double-walled, cup-like depression.
• It is the blind end of the nephron.
• The glomerulus is located in the concave depression of the Bowman’s capsule.
• The Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus together are called Malpighian Capsule or Renal Capsule.
• The outer layer of the Bowman’s capsule is made of flattened epithelial cells.
• The inner layer is in close contact with the glomerulus and bears special cells called podocytes.
• Podocytes have many feet-like processes called pedicels and minute slit-like pores called slit pores.   

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

• PCT lies in the cortex.
• It is also known as the first convoluted tubule.
• The Bowman’s capsule continues into the PCT.
• It is lined with a layer of columnar epithelial cells.
• The columnar cells are with numerous microvilli to increase the surface area of absorption.   

Loop of Henle

• It lies in the medulla.
• It is U-shaped.
• It is not convoluted.
• It has a descending limb and an ascending limb.
• Each limb has a thick region towards the cortex and a thin region towards the medulla.
• Thick regions are lined with columnar epithelial cells.
• Thin regions are lined with flat epithelial cells.          

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

• It lies in the cortex.
• Its short terminal part is called a collecting tubule.
• The collecting tubule opens into the collecting duct.
• DCT in lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
• The collecting duct receives the contents of many renal tubules.

• The collecting duct is a larger duct which receives collecting tubules of several nephrons.
• Collecting ducts pass into the renal medulla and join with each other to form the ducts of Bellini.
• The ducts of Bellini run through the renal pyramids and open into calyces.
• All calyces open into the pelvis.
• From the pelvis, urine is carried to the urinary bladder through the ureters.

Solution:

an = 2n + 3

n = 1

an = 2n + 3
a1 = 2(1) + 3
a1 = 2 + 3
a1 = 5

n = 2

an = 2n + 3
a2 = 2(2) + 3
a2 = 4 + 3
a2 = 7

n = 3

an = 2n + 3
a3 = 2(3) + 3
a3 = 6 + 3
a3 = 9

n = 4

an = 2n + 3
a4 = 2(4) + 3
a4 = 8 + 3
a4 = 11

Sodium gets its name from the English word soda. This is because Sir Humphry Davy used caustic soda when isolating the element. The symbol Na comes from the Latin word natrium. Sodium is an important nutrient for health. It plays a vital role in nerve and muscle function and helps your body maintain normal fluid balance. Sodium is used as a heat exchanger in some nuclear reactors, and as a reagent in the chemicals industry. But sodium salts have more uses than the metal itself. The most common compound of sodium is sodium chloride (common salt). It is added to food and used to de-ice roads in winter.

LCM = 2⁵. 3¹. 131¹ = 12576

The term "magnetic effects of current " means that " a current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field round it ". the magnetic effect of current was discovered by Oersted found that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetic needle. Moving magnetic fields pull and push electrons. Metals such as copper and aluminum have electrons that are loosely held. Moving a magnet around a coil of wire, or moving a coil of wire around a magnet, pushes the electrons in the wire and creates an electrical current.

Acids are chemical substances which readily produce H⁺ ions when dissolved in aqueous solutions and are corrosive or sour when tasted and can neutralize alkalis and turns blue litmus to red colour.

It is given that ,

x ,2x+k and 3x+6 are three consecutive terms .

we know that ,

Difference of any two consecutive terms is equal in A.P 

Now,

(2x+k)-x = (3x+6)-(2x+k)

=> 2x+k-x = 3x+6-2x-k

=> x+k = x+6-k

=> k+k = x+6-x

=> 2k = 6

=>k = 6/2

=> k = 3

Therefore,

If k = 3 then the given three consecutive terms x,2x+k and 3x+6 are in A.P

The expression of magnetic force id defined as F = CIL Sin theta. (a) Hence, as the current, I in the conductor increases, the force also increases. (b) As the length of the conductor, L increases, the force on the conductor also increases proportionately. A current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. When current establishes in the conductor, it gets displaced which verifies the existence of a force on the conductor.

(i) When zinc is added to the solution of iron sulphate, the colour of iron sulphate solution changes. It is because zinc is more reactive than iron, therefore, it displaces iron from its solution of iron sulphate and a grey precipitate of iron and a colourless solution of zinc sulphate is formed.
(ii) Zn + FeSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Fe

Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on the factory system. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for international market. However, the pace of this production was not on the level as seen during the industrial revolution. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation.

Postmaster

Lencho's fields were completely ruined by the hailstorm. He had invested all his money in farming. As a result, Lencho was left with no money at all. He had thought that his family would be unable to survive. Moreover, there was nobody to help Lencho, nonetheless, he had immense faith in God. Thus, he decided to write a letter to God, requesting for a hundred pesos as soon as possible.

The letter reached the postmaster, who out of curiosity decided to read it. He seemed to be profoundly touched by Lencho's innocence, and his immense faith in God. Therefore, he decided to help Lencho such that his faith in God does not lessen.

Given a ∆ABC such that D is the mid point of AB and DE || BC.

To Prove:              AE  = EC 
Proof:                    AD = DB        (given)
                      
In ∆ABC, we have
DE || BC
Therefore, by using Basic proportionality theorem, we have

Comparing (i) and (ii), we get
          
              

• On 20 January 1948, an attempt was made on his life there by the same group who would later assassinate him.
• Ten days later, on 30 January, Nathuram Godse shot to death the 78-year old Gandhi at point-blank range firing 3 bullets into his chest.

• Web services are XML-based information exchange systems that use the Internet for direct application-to-application interaction. These systems can include programs, objects, messages, or documents.

• A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data between applications or systems. Software applications written in various programming languages and running on various platforms can use web services to exchange data over computer networks like the Internet in a manner similar to inter-process communication on a single computer. This interoperability (e.g., between Java and Python, or Windows and Linux applications) is due to the use of open standards

The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.

After Napoleon abdicated as emperor in March 1814, Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was installed as king and France was granted a quite generous peace settlement, restored to its 1792 boundaries and not required to pay war indemnity.

On becoming king, Louis issued a constitution known as the Charter which preserved many of the liberties won during the French Revolution and provided for a parliament composed of an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers that was nominated by the king.

A constitution, the Charter of 1814, was drafted; it presented all Frenchmen as equal before the law, but retained substantial prerogative for the king and nobility and limited voting to those paying at least 300 francs a year in direct taxes.

After the Hundred Days, when Napoleon briefly returned to power, Louis XVIII was restored a second time by the allies in 1815, ending more than two decades of war.

Efflorescence is the loss of water (or a solvent) of crystallization from a hydrated or solvated salt to the atmosphere on exposure to air. ... The water, with the salt now held in solution, migrates to the surface, then evaporates, leaving a coating of the salt. Example is Gypsum (CaSO4. Efflorescence is a deposit of salts, usually white, formed on a surface, the substance having emerged in solution from within either concrete or masonry and subsequently precipitated by evaporation.