1) Lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymph glands.
2) To supply nutrients to the cells (tissues), the liquid portion of the blood with nutri¬ents flows out of the capillaries. This is called tissue fluid.
3) To transport the tissue fluid into the main blood stream, a separate system called lymphatic system is present.
4) Lymph is the vital link between blood and tissues by which essential substances pass from blood to cells and excretory products from cells to blood.
5) Lymph is the substance that contains blood without solid particles.
6) Tissue fluid is the substance which contains lymph present in the tissues.
7) From intercellular spaces, lymph goes into lymphatic capillaries.
8) Lymphatic capillaries join to form large lymph vessels which finally open into larger veins.
9) Lymph flows only in direction, that is from tissues to heart through veins.
Functions of Lymph:
a) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fats from small intestine to different tissues
of the body. .
b) It helps in removing Waste materials from the cells in the body to drain into blood.
c) Lymph protects cells in the tissues from infection.

Blood is a connective tissue that helps in the transportation of substances, protects against diseases and regulates the temperature of the body. Do you know why the colour of blood is red?

It is red in colour due to a red pigment called haemoglobin present in its red cells. The components of Blood are Plasma, Red blood corpuscles (Red blood cells or RBCs), White blood corpuscles (White blood cells or WBCs) and platelets.

The cells of connective tissue are embedded in the homogeneous, intercellular substance called matrix of the tissue. In case of blood, the matrix is liquid or fluid in nature, called plasma. Due to the fluid matrix, blood is a fluid. The blood cells are present in the plasma.

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs. Following are some of the salient points of conservatism:

1.  i. Conservatives believe that traditional institutions like the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved against all forces of change.
2.  ii. Many conservatives even saw forces of modernism strengthening traditional institutions like monarchy.
3.  iii. Around 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were largely autocratic. They did not tolerate democratic thought, political criticism or dissent. They often put restrictions on activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocracy and imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs that promoted ideas of liberty and freedom.

Conservatives believed in traditional and cultural values. They were the people who supported monarchy and nobility. They believed that privileges of the monarchy and nobility should exist. After the French Revolution, they contended that gradual changes should be brought in the society.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.

‘The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples’. Analyse.

It was a patchwork because:

(i) It included the Alpine region of Tyrol, Austria and Sudetenland - as well as Bohemia, where the aristrocracy was predominantly German-Speaking.

(ii) It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

(iii) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristrocracy spoke Polish.

In different cities of Europe, people became motivated from the events in France. As a result, students and other people from the educated middle classes started setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities made a ground for further encroachment by the French armies. The French army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and a large part of Italy in the 1790s. Thus, the French armies started carrying the idea of nationalism to foreign lands.

The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy revolution to a body of French citizen. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its dynasty.

1. Unified weights and measures.
2. Right to property granted.
3. Feudal privileges abolished.
4. Equality of all whether rich or poor.
5. Increase in taxation.
6. Censorship.

Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale. 

The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement. This resulted in the signing of a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India and Gandhi which came to be known as the “Gandhi Irwin Pact”.

Ray AB strikes the mirror PQ at B and gets reflected along BC according to the laws of reflection. The ray BC incident on mirror QR makes an angle of 30^o with the mirror. So, the angle of incidence on this mirror is 90^o - 30^o = 60^o. Hence, the angle of reflection is also 60^o.

The outbreak of French revolution took place due to culmination of social, political, intellectual and economic factors.

Political – The Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak willed king who led a life of obscene luxury. This led to a lot of disenchantment among the masses who then were leading life of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.

Social – The social conditions in France in late 18^th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Economic – As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Intellectual – The 18^th century was marked by a conscious refusal by French thinkers of the ‘Divine Rights Theory’. Philosophers like Rousseau, rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people. They played a pivotal role in exposing the faultlines of old political system, i.e. the ancien regime, and articulating the popular discontent.

→ Democracy produces an accountable government: Democracy produces an accountable governments, as the people has the right in choose their representatives through the electoral process. These elected representatives form the government and participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the people. If these elected representatives not work properly, people have a chance to not elect them in next election.
→ Democracy Produces Responsive Government: Democratic governments are elected by the people and are responsible towards the people and Parliament. These governments promote the formation of public opinion and take care of the needs and expectations of the people.
→ Democracy Produces Legitimate Government: A democratic government is people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.
 

Sarkaria Commission:

In 1983, the Central government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-state relations under the chairmanship of R S Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court.

Important recommendations:

• Set a permanent Inter-State Council (Inter-Governmental Council) under Article 263.
• Article 356 (President’s Rule) to be used in extreme cases, as a last resort.
• Strengthen All-India Services and create other such services.
• Residuary powers of taxation to remain with the Parliament, while other residuary powers to be placed in the Concurrent List.

A partially or weakly ionized gas means the plasma is not dominated by Coulomb collisions, i.e. when . Sometimes "fully ionized" means there are no orbital electrons left. To determine whether or not it does completely ionize/dissociate, you can write the chemical formula of what the acid/base is reacting with, and if it forms water and its conjugate salt, then it has completely dissociated/ionized. The process in which neutral molecules get splits up into charged ions when exposed in a solution is referred to as the ionization of a compound. According to the Arrhenius theory, the acids are the compounds that dissociate in the aqueous medium in order to generate the hydrogen ions, H+ in the aqueous medium.

"√5 is an “irrational number”.

Given:

√5

To prove:

√5 is a rational number

Solution:

Let us consider that √5 is a “rational number”.

We were told that the rational numbers will be in the “form” of form Where “p, q” are integers.

So, 

we know that 'p' is a “rational number”. So 5 \times q should be normal as it is equal to p

But it did not happens with √5 because it is “not an integer”

Therefore, p ≠ √5q

This denies that √5 is an “irrational number”

So, our consideration is false and √5 is an “irrational number”."