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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 2 months ago
Translocation of organic solutes such as sucrose (i.e., photosynthetic) takes place through sieve tube elements of phloem from supply end (or source) to consumption end (or sink). But, before this translocation of sugars could proceed, the soluble sugars must be transferred from mesophyll cells to sieve tube elements of the respective leaves.
This transfer of sugars (photosynthetic) from mesophyll cells to sieve tube elements in the leaf is called as phloem loading. On the other hand, the transfer of sugars (photosynthetic) from sieve tube elements to the receiver cells of consumption end (i.e., sink organs) is called as phloem unloading. Both are energy requiring processes.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Micturition is the release of urine from urinary bladder through urethra. It is also termed as ‘Urination’. This occurs involuntarily in children upto 4-5 years; thereafter regulated voluntarily.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 2 months ago
The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
The neuron consists of 3 parts:
- The Cyton or Cell body - It contains a central nucleus and cytoplasm with deeply stained particles called Nissl’s granules.
- Dendrites - The dendrons are short processes arising from the cyton and branches into dendrites.
- Axon - It is a single, long cylindrical process which forms fine branches terminally. It has a swollen structure at its end called synaptic knob or bouton. It is also termed as the nerve fibre.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Procedure
- Fix a white sheet on a drawing board using drawing pins.
- Place the triangular prism resting on its triangular base. Using a pencil, draw the outline of the prism.
- Draw NEN normal to the face of the prism AB. make an angle between 30° and 60°.
- On the line PE, fix two pins at a distance of 5cm from each other and mark these as P and Q.
- Look for the images of the pins at P and Q through the other face of the prism AC.
- Fix two pins at R and S such that they appear as a straight line as that of the P and Q when it is viewed from AC face of the prism.
- Remove the pins and the prism.
- At point F, make the points R and S meet by extending them.
- PQE is the incident ray which is extended till it meets face AC. SRF is the emergent ray which is extended backward to meet at point G.
- Now mark the angle of incidence ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the angle of emergence ∠e and ∠D as shown in the experimental setup.
- Repeat the experiment for more angles between 30° and 60°.
Observations
- At surface AB, the light ray enters and bends towards the normal on refraction.
- At surface AC, the light ray bends away from the normal as it travels from one medium (glass) to the other (air).
- The angle of deviation is observed. Here, the emergent ray bends at an angle towards the direction of the incident ray.
Conclusion
- The incident ray bends towards the normal when it enters the prism and while leaving the prism it bends away from the normal.
- With the increase in the angle of incidence, the angle of deviation decreases. After attaining the minimum value, it increases with an increase in the angle of incidence.

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▄︻̷Řãj 05┻̿═━一 5 years, 4 months ago
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