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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Plants reduce water loss by closing their stomata, developing thick cuticles, or by possessing leaf hairs to increase the boundary layer.
i) The stomata are the primary control mechanisms that plants use to reduce water loss and they are able to do so quickly. Stomata are sensitive to the environmental cues that trigger the stomata to open or close. Some plant species have stomata on both sides of the leaf while others have stomata on the lower leaf surface to minimize water loss. Special cells called guard cells control each pore’s opening or closing. When stomata are open, transpiration rates increase; when they are closed, transpiration rates decrease. Stomata are the only way plants can control transpiration rates in the short-term.
ii) The boundary layer is a thin layer of still air hugging the surface of the leaf. This layer of air is not moving. For transpiration to occur, water vapor leaving the stomata must diffuse through this motionless layer to reach the atmosphere where the water vapor will be removed by moving air. The larger the boundary layer, the slower the rates of transpiration. Plants can alter the size of their boundary layers around leaves through a variety of structural features. Leaves that possess many hairs or pubescence will have larger boundary layers; the hairs serve as mini-wind breaks by increasing the layer of still air around the leaf surface and slowing transpiration rates. Some plants possess stomata that are sunken into the leaf surface, dramatically increasing the boundary layer and slowing transpiration. Boundary layers increase as leaf size increases, reducing rates of transpiration as well.
iii) The cuticle is the waxy layer present on all above-ground tissue of a plant and serves as a barrier to water movement out of a leaf. Because the cuticle is made of wax, it is very hydrophobic; therefore, water does not move through it very easily. The thicker the cuticle layer on a leaf surface, the slower the transpiration rate. Cuticle thickness varies widely among plant species. In general, plants from hot, dry climates have thicker cuticles than plants from cool, moist climates. In addition, leaves that develop under direct sunlight will have much thicker cuticles than leaves that develop under shade conditions. Sun leaves have much thicker cuticles than shade leaves causing slower rates of transpiration.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Average income, i.e., percapita incomeisan important but notthe only criterion for development. Along with average income, equitable distribution of income (i.e., people are neither very rich nor extremely poor) in a country should also be considered. If the national income is widely distributed among the people, It shows a better distribution of income. High per capita income combined with a better distribution of income is a good index of economic welfare.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years ago
Conventional energy sources includes oil, gas and coal. These conventional sources are usually fossil fuels. Their use leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental damage.These sources of energy are also called non renewable sources. These sources of energy are in limited quantity except hydro-electric power. These include commercial (coal, petroleum, electricity etc..) and non-commercial (fire wood, straw, dried dung etc..)
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products, is called manufacturing.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
- Unicellular organisms generally divide by asexual reproduction which involves budding, binary fission, multiple fission, fragmentation, spore formation.
- Multicellular organisms can divide by sexual as well as asexual methods. For example, vegetative propagation in all plants is a means of asexual reproduction while all higher animals reproduce sexually.
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Despite good rains, we are not able to meet the demand for water of all people because:
(i) Our population is increasing rapidly.
(ii) Due to lack of sufficient vegetation cover on ground, only a little rain water seeps into the ground and get stored as ground water.
(iii) The high yielding varieties of crops require much more water for irrigation.
(iv) Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste into water bodies.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
German sword stands for Symbol of power, readiness to fight
Posted by Seema Choudhary 5 years, 4 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
Importance of manufacturing industry is as follows:
- It has helped in modernising agriculture by manufacturing tractors, tools and machines used in cultivation.
- It has reduced employment pressure on agriculture
- It has brought in much needed foreign exchange
- It has expanded trade and commerce
- Manufacturing industries have helped in eradication of unemployment and poverty
- It has helped in the growth and boom in economy.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
The pilot of the old Dakota was rescued by a black aeroplane. The plane had crossed Paris when he started seeing clouds which made it unsafe to travel by air because there were chances of a storm.
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Dibyajyoti Mishra 5 years, 4 months ago
1Thank You