In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted performed an important experiment which showed that there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. When a current was switched on through a wire, it made a compass needle turn so that it was at right angles to the wire. Oersted's experiment was of fundamental importance to the development of physics in making the link between electrical and magnetic effects. The aim of this activity is to demonstrate what was involved in Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism.

The following points state functions and importance of WTO

(i) WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries.

(ii) WTO provides a forum for negotiations and for setting disputes.

(iii) It is also a centre of economic research and analysis.

(iv) It is an organisation that intends to supervise and liberalise international trade.

(v) It oversees the implementation, administration and operations of the covered agreements.

15th August 1947 marked the end of colonial rule in India and the country found itself standing on the threshold of a new era wherein the task was to build a strong nation. While India found itself independent from the British, it was still to find independence from social, economic and political problems that had started to become a rock in the way of its growth.

• Poverty, unemployment, low literacy rate

• No idea about foreign policy

• Military disorder because army and equipments were also divided

• Undeveloped industries

• How to maintain sovereignty of India

• What to choose socialist economy or capitalist economy (they chose mixed economy)

• Which group to be joined capitalist group led by USA or socialist group led by USSR (they initiate NAM)

• Partition

• Refugee problem

• Poor economic condition

• Separatist movement in north-east

• Integration of princely states

• Nature of administration was not fixed

The formation of the IMF was initiated in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. IMF came into operation on 27th December 1945 and is today an international organization that consists of 189 member countries. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., IMF focuses on fostering global monetary cooperation, securing financial stability, facilitating and promoting international trade, employment, and economic growth around the world. The IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

The name of four independent states of Italy before its unification is:
1. San Marino.
2. Kingdoms of two Sicilies.
3. The new expanded kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
4.. Venetia and Papal states.

The Balkans Campaign, or Balkan Theatre of World War I was fought between the Central Powers, represented by Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Allies, represented by France, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, and the United Kingdom (and later Romania and Greece, who sided with them.

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: 

(i) Art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings. 

(ii) Romantic artists and poets generally became strong critics of reason and science in their glorified forms. 

(iii) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore, was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.

The main goals of the Congress of Vienna were to establish the terms of long-lasting peace between European powers after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and to finalize European boundaries in order to create a balance between each of the major countries of Europe.

Conservatives believed in traditional and cultural values. They were the people who supported monarchy and nobility. They believed that privileges of the monarchy and nobility should exist. After the French Revolution, they contended that gradual changes should be brought in the society. 

• In the early 19th century liberal nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality in a nation. 
• Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• For the middle class in Europe, liberalism stood for freedom of an individual and equality for all.
• Economic liberalism demanded by teh middle class stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

• In the early 19th century liberal nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality in a nation. 
• Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• For the middle class in Europe, liberalism stood for freedom of an individual and equality for all.
• Economic liberalism demanded by teh middle class stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people which were:

•  Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasising the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
•  A new French flag, a tricolour replaced the royal standard.
•  The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
•  New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
•  A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation.
•  Discouraging regional dialects and promoting French as a common language of the nation.

In Belgium, leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner:

• Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
• Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
• There is a third kind of government, called the ‘community government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural education and language related issues.
  These arrangements helped to avoid a civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.