Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale. 

The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement. This resulted in the signing of a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India and Gandhi which came to be known as the “Gandhi Irwin Pact”.

The various challenges faced by political parties are:
Lack of Internal democracy:
• Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in the decision-making process.
• Every member is not consulted before taking a decision.
• There is no proper organisation or registration of members.
• Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members.
• Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party.
Dynastic Succession: With power in the hands of a few top leaders, all party positions go to their family members. These members may not be qualified or have the ability to hold their positions.

Money and Muscle Power:
• Money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings, and speeches to publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money.
• Sometimes parties also support criminals candidates because they can win elections.

The meaningful choice to others: Most of the political parties have the same fundamental and ideological issues. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. Even leaders keep changing parties, thus confusing the voter. 

In water, that is H₂O, there are 2atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in a molecule of water. Thus upon electrolysis, water molecules break into hydrogen and oxygen. Thus one molecule of water gives 2 hydrogens and only 1 oxygen. Thus, the amount of hydrogen gas collected is always double in amount compared to the oxygen gas collected from electrolysis of water.

Advantages of roadways over railways are
(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.
(ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.
(iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
Thus, it can be concluded that roadways still have an edge over railways in India.

Advantages of pipeline transport are as follows:-
1)It is a safe and reliable mode of transport system.
2)It is an economical and dependable mode of transport system particular to the strategic and sensitive areas.
3)It produces a long term infrastructural option.
4)The difficulties in handling large volume of products by rail from one loading point is reduced.

Silver chloride is a light-sensitive chemical compound andit easily undergoes photolytic decomposition reaction.Silver chloride decomposes into silver and chlorine gas when exposed to sunlight. Hence Silver chloride is stored in dark-colored bottles.

Being deprived of the basic rights of a human being, Mandela discerned that he is a victim of racial discrimation. His discontentment kindled hunger for his freedom. Soon, he observed that he is not alone but the people of his race are victimized by this quagmire. This made him restless and inflamed his passion for fight against the oppression. Eventually, he joined the African National Congress. His hunger for freedom was now everybody's hunger for freedom. This desire for freedom changed him into a bold and courageous man. I turned him into a criminal and a monk.

27,24,21....

d=24-27=-3 a=27

let nth term=0

a+(n-1)d=0

27+(n-1)(-3) =0

(n-1)(-3)=-27

n-1=9

n=10

Cybercrime is defined as an unlawful action against any person using a computer, its systems, and its online or offline applications. It occurs when information technology is used to commit or cover an offense

Here, are some most commonly occurring Cybercrimes:

• The fraud did by manipulating computer network
• Unauthorized access to or modification of data or application
• Intellectual property theft that includes software piracy
• Industrial spying and access to or theft of computer materials
• Writing or spreading computer viruses or malware
• Digitally distributing child pornography

Use Fill Format to apply a style to many different areas quickly without having to go back to the Styles and Formatting window and double-click every time. This method is quite useful when you need to format many scattered paragraphs, cells, or other items with the same style.

Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.5% is covered by forests, and 3.45% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.
 

The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas. Industrialization and urbanization also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

The French Revolution which took place in 1789 had various impact on Europe
(i) The revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe by students and other members of educated middle classes. It further paved the way for the French armies to moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s. The idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies.
(ii) Another impact of the revolution was the rise of Napoleon. He took several steps to reform the economy of Europe. The most important among them was the civil code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
(iii) The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. They wanted to help other people of Europe to become nations.

HTML is a short form of HyperText Markup Language, which means
 (i) HyperText is simply a piece of text that has some extra features like formatting, images, multimedia and links to another document.
( ii) Markup Language is a way of writing layout information within documents.

• A coil with many circular close turns of insulated copper wire (like a cylinder as shown above) is a solenoid.
• One end of such a solenoid behaves like the north pole and the other as a south pole.
• Therefore magnetic field due to current in the solenoid is similar to a bar magnet. The fields always emerge out of the North pole and always merge into the South pole
• The field inside the solenoid is uniform.

Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate. The chemical formula of gypsum is CaSO₄·2H₂O. Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum to a temperature of 373K. When gypsum is heated to a temperature of 373k ,It loses three-Fourths of its water of crystallisation and forms Plaster of Paris.

As per the Election Commission, a political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a National party if:-

(i) It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a general election to the House of the People or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and

(ii) In addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.

or

it wins at least two percent (2%) seats in the House o the People and these members are elected from at least three different States.

 ical party to be eligible for recognition as a State Party in a state, it has to satisfy any of the five conditions listed below.

Conditions for Recognition as a State Party

1) Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.

2) Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 1 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election.

3) Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election.

4) Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election.

5) Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or a Lok Sabha General Election

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 

Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government. 

Topi Shukla ek milansaar vyakti  hai.Topi shukla vo vyakti hai jinhona hame vo dikhane ki koshish ki jo ham nahi dekhna chahte the.Topi shukla el sache thatha ek ache mitra the.Shukla bohot hi bhaavuk thatha bhola bhi the.