Hence, coordinates of point P are (16, 8).

An oxidizing agent (often referred to as an oxidizer or an oxidant) is a chemical species that tends to oxidize other substances, i.e. cause an increase in the oxidation state of the substance by making it lose electrons.

• They are chemical substances whose atoms remove at least one electron from another atom in a chemical reaction.
• An oxidizing agent is a substance that transfers at least one electronegative atom to a chemical species in a chemical reaction.

Common examples of oxidizing agents are listed below

• Halogens (such as chlorine and fluorine)
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
• Potassium nitrate
• Nitric acid

National Party: A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.

According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

1. Indian National Congress (INC): This is popularly known as the Congress Party. This is one of the oldest parties of the world and was founded in 1885. The Congress Party had played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Since the first general elections in 1952, the Congress party had been in power continuously till 1977. After that, it came back to power in 1980 and remained till 1989. The Congress Party once again came back to power in 1991 for another five years. Congress Party came back in power in 2004 and completed two terms in office, i.e. ten years.
2. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): This party was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Building a strong and modern India is the main goal of this party. The BJP wants to promote cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva). This party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code and a ban on religious conversions. It support base increased significantly in the 1990s. The Party came to power in 1998 and remained in power till 2004. This party stormed back to power in centre in 2014, and was re-elected in 2019 with absolute mejority.
3. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): This party was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The party seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. This party has good presence in Uttar Pradesh and has been in power in UP for a couple of terms.
4. Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M): This party was founded in 1964. Marxism- Leninism is the main philosophy of this party and it supports socialism, secularism. The party enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. The CPI has off late slipped in its hold over public and has lost power in West Bengal and Kerala.

asinθ + bcosθ = c
taking square both sides,
(asinθ + bcosθ)² = c²
⇒a²sin²θ + b²cos²θ + 2absinθ.cosθ = c² --------(1)

Let acosθ - bsinθ = x
Squaring both sides
(acosθ - bsinθ)² = x²
⇒a²cos²θ + b²sin²θ -2absinθ.cosθ = x² ------(2)

Add equation (1) and (2),
a²sin²θ + b²cos²θ +2abinθ.cosθ + a²cos²θ + b²sin²θ -2absinθ.cosθ = c² + x²
⇒(a² + b²)cos²θ + (a² +b²)sin²θ = c² + x²
⇒(a² + b²)[sin²θ + cos²θ ] = c² + x²
⇒(a² + b²) = c² + x² [∵ sin²x + cos²x = 1 ]
⇒(a² + b² - c²) = x²
Take square root both sides,

Hence, acosθ - bsinθ = 

It is a chemical reaction in which you mix two solutions of two ionic substances and a solid ionic substance (a precipitate) forms.

For example, precipitation occurs when a part of the atmosphere saturates itself with water vapour and when the right temperature comes its condenses and precipitates. The two processes which make the air saturated are the cooling of air molecules and the addition of water vapour.

At sunrise and sunset, the sun is near the horizon. The rays of light from the upper part and lower part of the periphery of the sun bend unequally on travelling through earth's atmosphere. That is why the sun appears oval or flattened at the time of sunrise and sunset.

At noon, the sun is overhead. The rays of light from the sun enter earth's atmosphere normally. Therefore, they suffer no refraction or bending on passing through earth's atmosphere. Hence the sun appears circular at noon.

The connection of two or more LANs over any distance is referred to as a wide area network (WAN). WANs require the use of special software programs in the operating system to enable dial-up connections that may be performed by telephone lines or radio waves.

 Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which can take reaction.

      Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in nanometres.

      Atomic radii of hydrogen atom = 1 × 10^–10 m.

      Symbols of atoms:

      (a) Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton:

      (b) Symbols of some common elements:

Q u e s t i o n :P (-2, 5) and Q (3, 2) are two points. Find the co-ordinates of the point R on PQ such that PR = 2QR.
A n s w e r:

PR:QR = 2:1

R(4 / 3, 3)

The mineral acid: is inorganic compounds composed of different chemical element combinations. Commonly used mineral acids are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid, etc
 An organic acid is an organic compound essentially composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.   Now some examples of organic acids are carboxylic acids whose acidity is associated with carboxyl group-COOH, sulphonic acids containing the group-SO₂OH.

<i>Rhizopus</i>, mushroom etc., reproduce by spore formation. The three conditions favourable for spores to germinate and grow are as follows:

• Moisture
• Optimum temperature
• Oxygen 
• Nutrients

Let a be the positive odd integer which when divided by 6 gives q as quotient and r as remainder.

according to Euclid’s division lemma
a=bq+r

a=6q+r

where , a=0,1,2,3,4,5
then,
a=6q
or
a=6q+1
or
a=6q+2
or
a=6q+3
or
a=6q+4
or
a=6q+5

but here,
a=6q+1 & a=6q+3 & a=6q+5 are odd.

Features of Federalism:

1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution. The highest court acts as the umpire if any dispute arises between different levels of government.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

Political Party:
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. Always political parties take some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
There are different views on what is good for the society and people. Every political party wants to persuade people why their policies are better than other parties, and tries to win the suppott of people.
Three Components of a Political Party:
(i) The Leaders Every political party has some prominent leaders who formulate policies and programmes of the party and choose candidates for contesting elections.
(ii) The Active Members They are involved in different committees of the party and participate directly in their activity.
(iii) The Followers They believe in the party’s ideology and support the party by casting their votes in favour of the party at the time of election.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. Since globalization leads to movement of goods, services, people and technology across nations, developing countries are likely to become at par with developed countries in terms of technological development.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. Since globalization leads to movement of goods, services, people and technology across nations, developing countries are likely to become at par with developed countries in terms of technological development.

Bulb ratting is 100 W and 220 V bulb means when 220 V potential difference is applied between the two ends then power consumed is 100 W
Here V=220 Volt
p=100 W
V²/R=100 

So R=484Ω

v = 36km/hr = 36 × 1000m/ (60×60) s

 = 36 × 1000m/ 3600 s

=10m/s.

Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of a body.  The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K). But temperature is also measured in celcius (°C) or fahrenheit (°F) scales. The instrument used to measure temperature is called a thermometer. 

• The thermometer is washed with water at a normal temperature.
• It is given a few jerks. We notice that the jerks bring the level of mercury down. We make sure that it falls below the 37⁰C mark or the 98⁰F mark, the normal human body temperature.
• The thermometer is then kept under the tongue or under the arms in order to get the reading on the thermometer.
• The thermometer is then held close to the eye as shown in figure 3 in order to see the correct reading.
• The temperature difference indicated between the two bigger marks is noted. Also, the number of divisions (shown by smaller marks) between these marks is noted. For e.g. the bigger mark reads 10 and the number of division is 5, then each division reads the value equal to 10/5 = 20
• We note the value of the bigger mark that the mercury thread has crossed (which is 98 in the Fig.4 Example 1). Then the number of the division of the mercury thread has crossed is noted (3 in this case). Now, this value is multiplied by the value of one division (which is 0.2 in this case). Hence, the temperature reading is 98 + (3×2) = 98.6.

Fuse wire is directly connected in series to the load.It is used to prevent the load from damage in case of excess current.

Earth wire is not exactly in the main circuit .It is connected the body of load to earth It is used to prevent any kind of shock . If there is a current in the body of load due to any fault then this makes a proper path to drop all the current to the earth.