It is given that ΔABC ∼ ΔFEG.

∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠B = ∠E, and ∠ACB = ∠FGE

∠ACB = ∠FGE

∴ ∠ACD = ∠FGH (Angle bisector)

And, ∠DCB = ∠HGE (Angle bisector)

In ΔACD and ΔFGH,

∠A = ∠F (Proved above)

∠ACD = ∠FGH (Proved above)

∴ ΔACD ∼ ΔFGH (By AA similarity criterion)

=>(CD)/(GH) = (AC)/(FG)

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युवा (यंग) इटली इटालियन युवाओंके (40 वर्ष से कम आयु) लिए एक राजनीतिक आंदोलन था जिसकी स्थापना 1831 में गुसेप माझीनी ने की थी। इटली छोड़ने के कुछ महीनों के बाद, जून 1831 में, माज़िनी ने सार्डिनिया के राजा चार्ल्स अल्बर्ट को एक पत्र लिखा, जिसमें उन्होंने उसे इटली को एकजुट करने और राष्ट्र का नेतृत्व करने के लिए कहा।

 The writer was flying his old Dakota aero plane when he saw the black clouds. He was lost in the storm. Suddenly, he saw a black aero plane by his side, which had no lights, on its wings.
The pilot instructed the writer to follow as he had lost the way. He obeyed him like a child. He was very happy to follow him. After some time the pilot of another plane started to land. The writer followed him blindly through the storm and came out of the clouds. He saw the lights of the runway and landed safely.

F1 (also called first filial generation) are offspring produced by crossing traits of parents and F2 (also called second filial generation) are offspring produced by crossing of traits of offspring produced in F1 generation. 

Dominant trait: The trait which can express its effect over contrasting trait is called a dominant trait. It is expressed even in the presence of one copy of an allele for a particular character in the gene, i.e., it is expressed in the heterozygous condition.

Example: Yy represents dominant trait for yellow seed colour. Seed is yellow even when single copy is dominant allele Y is present.

Recessive trait: The trait which cannot express its effect over contrasting trait or which gets suppressed by the contrasting trait is called a recessive trait. It is expressed only when two copies of an allele for a particular character in the gene are present, i.e., it is expressed in the homozygous condition and in the absence of corresponding dominant trait.

Example: yy shows recessive trait for green seed colour. It is expressed only when two copies of recessive allele yy is present. 

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher and attributes of a nation are according to him as follows—
(i) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.
(ii)To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary.

 'झेन की देन' भाग में लेखक 'झेन' से प्रेरित हैं। जापानी लोगों ने अपनी संस्कृति में बदलाव नहीं किए हैं। यही संस्कृति उनके जीवन को नई गति, ताज़गी और शांति प्रदान करती है। 'झेन' जापान के लोगों की चाय पीने की एक पद्धति है। इसमें कुछ समय गुज़ारकर जापानी लोग अपनी व्यस्तता से भरे जीवन में शांति और चैन के क्षण पा लेते हैं। चाय पीते समय लेखक ने जो भी अनुभव किया है, वह उस अनुभव से अन्य भारतीयों को भी परीचित कराना चाहते हैं। इस चाय पद्धति में वातावरण में इतनी शांति छुपी है, जो उन्हें जीवन की हर चिंता से मुक्त कर देती है। भूत, भविष्य और वर्तमान को मिथ्या साबित कर जीवन के महत्व को दर्शाती है। झेन के कारण लेखक स्वयं को सभी कालों से मुक्त पाता है।  

The process of photosynthesis occurs when green plants use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment of the plant, while air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through the leaf stomata. 

The chapter, ‘The Making of a Scientist’ is a story about the famous scientist Richard Ebright. Richie as his mother used to call him was a very curious child right from his childhood. He had started collecting butterflies in his childhood and when he was 2 years old, he had already collected all the 25 species found near his hometown. He thought it to be an end of butterfly collection until one day his mother bought him a book named ‘The Travels of Monarch X’. This was a turning point in his life and he got much more interested in dealing with science. He started with tagging butterflies which a task given at the end of the book that his mother bought for him. Then, when he first entered the county science fair with a slide of the frog tissue he lost. Everybody won something but his project did not win any prize. He was sad but also understood that to win, he needed to do real experiments and not just make neat and clean models. Then he wrote down to Dr. Urquhart at the University of Toronto, asking him for ideas to make projects. He stayed busy during his high school, working on the long list sent to him by Dr. Urquhart. Then, for the next year’s fair, he chose the project of looking at the viral disease that killed nearly all the monarch caterpillars every few years. He thought that the reason for this could be a beetle, so he started raising caterpillars in the presence of beetles but could not get any results. So, when he showed his trial experiment at the county science fair, his project won a prize. Then for the next year he made an experiment to show that the viceroy butterflies copied monarchs. This project also made him win prizes. Then he started his research as to the purpose of the 12 golden spots on the back of a monarch pupa. Everybody believed that it was just a design but Dr. Urquhart thought otherwise. Then Ebright and another brilliant science student got together and made a device that could show that the gold spots were responsible for releasing a hormone that was necessary for its growth. With the help of sophisticated instruments at one of the labs, he got a chance to work and found the chemical structure of the hormone in the gold spots. Then, one day, while looking at the photo of the chemical structure, he solved one of the biggest puzzles of life. He came to know how a cell blueprints its DNA. It was a big breakthrough and was published in a magazine. He also had many other interests and also admired his social studies teacher as he was the one who used to give him new ideas. He was good at debating, public speaking and a great canoeist. He never used to win for the sake of winning or for prizes but because he wanted to be the best at whatever he used to do. It is shown in this chapter that with the right amount of curiosity, a bright mind and the will to win for right reasons are the qualities needed to be a scientist. His mother also played a big role in making him what he was as it was she who supported him throughout his journey and bought him the book ‘The Travels of Monarch X’ which aroused his curiosity in the field of science.

NCERT books

Determiners are the words that modify nouns.

Determiners function like adjectives. They are also called as fixing words.

Characteristics of Determiners

▪︎ A determiner may identify two or more persons or things.

▪︎ A determiner may indicate a quanity or amount.

▪︎ A determiner may determine or fix a place, person or things.

▪︎ A determiner may precede numberals or objects.

Classification of Determiners

Determiners can be classified into

1. Article : A, An, The.

2. Demonstrative Adjectives : this, that, these, those.

3. Quantifiers : This is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity.

The types of quantifiers are as follows

i. Definite

ii. Indefinite

iii. Distributive

iv. Difference

v. Comparative

4. Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine etc..

Examples of Articles- A, An, The

A women, A tree, A dog

An orange, An egg, An horse

The People, The Pen, The sen times

Examples of Demonstrative Adjectives- This, That, These, Those

▪︎My bat is better than that of my friend.

▪︎ Our soldiers are better equipped than those of Pakistan.

▪︎ This book is very interesting.

▪︎ Those flowers are very beautiful.

Examples of Quantifiers

▪︎ There are some books on the desk.

▪︎ How much money have you got?

▪︎ He's got more friends than his sister.

Examples of Possessive

▪︎ He is my brother.

▪︎ She is her friend.

(a) Joule's law of heating states that heat produced in joules when a current of I amperes flows in a wire of resistance R ohms for time t seconds is given by H = I²Rt.

Thus the heat produced in a wire is directly proportional to:

(i) Square of current

(ii) Resistance of wire

(iii) Time for which current is passed

(b)  Given: R₁=40ohms, R₂=60ohms (in series), V=220V, t=30sec

We know that

Total resistance, R=40+60=100ohms

By Ohm's law,

V = IR

I = V/R

I = 220/100 = 2.2amp

Putting the values of I, R and t in eq.  H = I²RT

H = 2.2²  X  100  X  30

H = 14520 J

(a) Magnetic field:
The magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force. Moving electric charges can make magnetic fields. In physics, the magnetic field is a field that passes through space and which makes a magnetic force move electric charges and magnetic dipoles.
(b) Magnetic lines around bar magnet:

This is the respective diagram of a bar magnet with magnetic field lines.
The lines originate from the north pole and terminate on the south pole of the bar magnet.
The magnetic field lines make closed loops.
(c) Characteristics of magnetic field lines:

• The lines originate from the north pole and terminate on the south pole of the bar magnet.
• The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the density of lines.
• Magnetic field lines cannot cross each other.
• Magnetic field lines are continuous loops.

The various types of roads in India are explained below:

(i) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: It is a network of six lane super highways including North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor. It is a major road development project that connects Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is implementing this gigantic project.

(ii)National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

(iii)State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.

(iv)District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

(v)Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation, a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area.

Simple majority may refer to: Majority, a voting requirement of more than half of all ballots cast. ... Supermajority, a voting requirement of a specified level of support which is greater than the "one half" threshold used for majority. A majority, also called a simple majority to distinguish it from similar terms (see the "Related terms" section below), is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. ... "Majority" can be used to specify the voting requirement, as in a "majority vote", which means more than half of the votes cast.

Properties of Ionic compound:

• Ionic compounds are solid. Ionic bond has greater force of attraction because of which ions attract each other strongly. This makes ionic compounds solid.
• Ionic compounds are brittle.
• Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because force of attraction between ions of ionic compounds is very strong.
• Ionic compounds generally dissolve in water.
• Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in organic solvents; like kerosene, petrol, etc.
• Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state.
• Solution of ionic compounds in water conduct electricity. This happens because ions present in the solution of ionic compound facilitate the passage of electricity by moving towards opposite electrodes.
• Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state.

 (i) Hand Printing : The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there- against the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.
(ii) Major producer : The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
(iii) Printing in the 17th century : By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Print was no longer used just by scholar officials. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays. Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
(iv) Printing in the 19th century : This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the fate nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools. From hand printing there was now a gradual shift to mechanical printing.

There are four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:

• declarative sentence (statement)
• interrogative sentence (question)
• imperative sentence (command)
• exclamative sentence (exclamation)

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