NCERT New Book Class 9 Science (2026-27)

Table of Contents

The new NCERT textbook of class 9th Science has 12 chapters. You will find some old chapters there in the NCERT New Book of Class 9 Science. Here is the detailed chapter list of the new Science textbook.

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Class 9 Science New Book Chapters

This new textbook of class 9 Science comprises 12 chapters. All these chapters are aligned with the NEP 2023 document.

List of Chapters

Cell
Tissues
Reproduction
Diversity
Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation
Structure of an Atom
Atoms and Molecules
Earth as a System: Energy, Matter and Life
Motion
Force and Laws of Motion
Work, Energy and Simple Machines
Sound

Here is the list of chapters in the grade 9 Science NCERT new book.

Chapter Name	Topics Included
Cell	– Discovery of cell – Plant and animal cells – Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells – Cell as a structural and functional unit of life; structure and function of key organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plasma membrane, cell wall) – Permeability of cell membranes – Cellular division and cancer – Recent advancement in cell biology
Tissues	– Tissues: Introduction and importance – Level of organisation in the living organisms – Plant and animal tissues – Types of plant tissues – Meristematic tissues (types and function of each) – Permanent tissues (types, structure and function of each) – Animal tissues – Overview (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues – types, structure and function of each) – Elementary idea of musculoskeletal system – Care of musculoskeletal system: injuries, postural care, nutrition and exercise
Reproduction	– Introduction to different forms of reproduction-sexual and asexual – Types of asexual reproduction with examples – Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (flower and its parts, pollination, fertilisation, seed dispersal) – Sexual reproduction in humans: male and female reproductive systems (structure and function, formation of gametes, sperm and egg, fertilisation, pregnancy and development of embryo, menstrual cycle) – Reproductive health and hygiene – Introduction to birth control methods and importance
Diversity	– Importance of classification – Five kingdoms and their key features with examples – Major division of animals and plants – Binomial nomenclature – Acellular entities: viruses
Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation	– Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures; – Solutions, suspensions, colloids and their properties – Various ways to express concentration of solutions (mass by mass percentage of a solution, mass by volume percentage of a solution, volume by volume percentage of a solution) – Separation techniques based on the physical properties of components, including crystallisation, distillation, paper chromatography, sublimation, centrifugation and coagulation
Structure of an Atom	– Atoms are the basic units of elements – Atoms consist of subatomic particles – Atomic Models (Thomson’s Model, Rutherford’s Model, and Bohr’s Model) – Distributions of electrons in elements (up to 18 elements) – Symbols – Valency as the combining capacity – Atomic number – Mass number – Isotopes – Isobars
Atoms and Molecules	– Law of conservation of mass – Law of constant proportion – Dalton’s Atomic theory – Molecules of elements, Molecules of covalent compounds and their properties – Ions, Ionic compounds and their properties – Writing chemical formulae – Molecular mass – Formula unit mass
Earth as a System: Energy, Matter and Life	– Earth as interconnected system – Nature of solar energy: solar radiation, electromagnetic spectrum, and speed of light – Solar energy interaction with the Earth’s Surface and differential heating of the Earth (the role of the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface) – Differential warming of the Earth causes winds – Biogeochemical cycles (water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle) – Human impact on Earth’s system
Motion	– Motion— displacement, velocity, acceleration – Graphical representation of motion for an object moving in a straight line in one direction (with constant velocity, and constant acceleration) – Kinematic equations for motion in a straight line with constant acceleration (by graphical method) – Elementary idea of uniform circular motion
Force and Laws of Motion	– Force; balanced and unbalanced forces – Force of friction – Newton’s first law of motion – Newton’s second law of motion – Newton’s third law of motion
Work, Energy and Simple Machines	– Concept of work; work done by a constant force – Work-Energy theorem – Mechanical energy, kinetic and potential energy, and conversion between potential energy and kinetic energy – Conservation of energy – Power – Simple machines and their mechanical advantage (pulley, inclined plane, lever)
Sound	– Production of sound – Propagation of sound (as a longitudinal wave through a medium) – Graphical representation of sound wave – Characteristics of sound wave (wavelength, frequency, time period, amplitude, intensity, speed) – Human perception of sound (pitch, loudness) – Propagation of sound in different media (solid, liquid) – Reflection of sound (echo, reverberation), echolocation

Learning Outcomes

Here are the chapterwise learning outcomes mentioned in class 9 Sceicne new book for the session 2026-27. NCERT New Book for class 9 Science as the following learning outcomes.

Cell

C-3.1

Differentiate between plant and animal cell, prokaryote and eukaryote
Describe the structural and functional features of cells
Explain the role of cells in the structure and functions of organisms
Explain activities inside the cell and its interactions with the environment
Demonstrate osmosis in cells
Prepare slides to observe cell structure

C-3.2

Reproduction
Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis

C-3.3

Explain the role of cell division mitosis and meiosis in creating similarities and variations
C-4.2

Identify and describe the role of biomolecules in the structure and function of cell
C-5.2

Cite case study related to the use of science in human life, for example, Leigh Syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction
C-5.3

Apply learning of a structure and function of muscles cells or joints in dance form and/or sports
C-6.1

Discuss significant contributions of India, for example, Professor Arun Kumar Sharma for his work on chromosomes and methods for its studies

C-7.1

Recognise that the cell is a structural unit of life and functional unit of life processes

C-7.2

Pose questions, such as-Can we create artificial cell which behaves exactly like a natural living cell?

C-8.1

Exhibit creativity and design models using low cost or no-cost eco-friendly material to study structure and functions of cell and cell organelles

C-8.2

Carry out an experiment to understand the osmosis
Analyse results and present findings using scientific terms

Tissues

C-4.2

Differentiate between plant and animal tissues; meristematic and permanent tissues; simple and complex tissues; parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma; xylem and phloem; striated smooth and cardiac muscles;
Different types of joints
Relate the structure of the different types of tissues with their functions
Explain the role of various types of tissues in plants and animals
Describe the level of organisation in a multicellular organism

C-5.3

Establish the correlation between different tissues for fitness, for example, role of muscles, cartilage and bones in facilitating movement

C-6.1

Explain the importance of yoga exercises for physical agility and in maintaining the correct posture

C-6.1

Discuss significant contributions of India, for example, Professor Sipra Guha Mukherjee and Professor S.C. Maheshwari for their significant contribution in the plant cell and tissue culture research in India

C-7.1

Discuss the techniques and medical recommendations in recovery from muscular injuries

C-8.2

Carry out an experiment to understand the growth in plant due to apical meristem
Represent data in multiple modes, including appropriate figures, tables, graphs, or digital formats, interpret and draw inferences from the data
Analyse results and present findings using scientific terms
Communicate findings and conclusions effectively, such as those from experiments, activities, or projects, both orally and in written form

Reproduction

C-2.8

Analyse the interactions between members of different groups of organisms, such as plants and pollinators

C-3.2

Compare asexual and sexual reproduction
Describe male and female reproductive organs in plants and animals
Differentiate between ovule and seed; ovary and fruit
Explain pollination and fertilisation

C-3.3

Explain how variations are introduced by sexual reproduction

C-4.3

Identify and explain the role of biotic and abiotic agents in seed dispersal and pollination

C-5.1

Illustrate the structure of male and female reproductive units or systems in plants and animals

C-5.2

Recognise the significance of contraceptive devices for population control and health including reproductive health

C-6.1

Describe the contribution of India to the understanding of human anatomy

C-6.1

Discuss significant contributions of India, for example, Professor Panchanan Maheshwari for laying the foundation of plant cell and tissue culture research in India

C-7.1

Recognise the importance of improvements in medical field for assisted reproductive technologies

C-7.2

Pose questions, such as-How do heavy metals harm reproductive organs? Can extreme heat affect fertility?

Diversity

Distinguish organisms based on certain characteristics, such as number of cells present, cellular organisation and mode of nutrition
Classify various organisms in groups, such as five kingdoms, on the basis of their cellular organisation and ecological role
Describe the significance and rules of binomial nomenclature
Apply binomial nomenclature on some common organisms in their surroundings
C-2.8
Analyse the interactions between members of different groups of organisms, such as lichens
Discuss ecological role of diverse organisms

C-7.1

Recognise three domains of classification of organisms on molecular basis

Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation

C-1.2
Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures on the basis of their properties
Demonstrate separation techniques, such as crystallisation, distillation, paper chromatography, sublimation, centrifugation and coagulation
Classify mixtures as solutions, suspensions, or colloids based on their properties
Explain the scientific principles behind different separation techniques
Apply the knowledge of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures in daily life
Define and calculate the concentration of solutions using mass by mass percentage, mass by volume percentage, volume by volume percentage
Analyse graphs of solubility and explain how the solubility of substances changes with temperature
Use scientific conventions and standard units to express concentrations
Handle common laboratory chemicals and apparatus safely
Relate separation techniques with practices observed in the local environment

C-5.1

Draw labelled diagrams or flow charts of separation techniques

C-5.2

Display awareness about the societal impact of chemistry in making life healthier, cleaner and sustainable

C-5.3

Correlate the phenomenon used in centrifugation to the spinning dance

C-6.1

Describe the cultural practices, like traditional methods of distillation
Display awareness about the contributions of Indian scientists, such as Dilip Mahalanabis

C-7.1

Demonstrate the use of small-scale or micro-scale experiments, such as crystallisation of copper sulfate, as an alternative to traditional methods

C-7.2

Poses question, such as-Can we create artificial blood that works just as real blood for all patients?

C-8.1

Exhibit creativity and work collaboratively in groups to create models of apparatus used for separating mixtures, such as a paperfuge and a distillation unit, using eco-friendly materials

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, and predict the results of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Accurately use scientific instruments, apparatus and chemicals to collect data
Analyse results and findings using scientific terms
Represent findings in multiple modes, including appropriate figures, tables, graphs, or digital formats, and interpret and draw inferences from the findings
Communicate findings and conclusions effectively, such as those from experiments, activities or projects, both orally and in written form

Structure of an Atom

C-1.1

Differentiate between subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons) based on their charge, and position in the atom
Illustrate how electrons are distributed in different energy levels, such as K, L, M, N… or by numbers $\mathrm{n}=1,2,3,4 \ldots$
Explain valence electrons, valency, atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes, and isobars
Calculate the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons of an element using its atomic and mass numbers
Interpret data, such as atomic mass, maximum number of electrons in a shell, and valency to classify elements accurately
Use scientific conventions as per international standards, such as notations for electron, proton, neutron, unified atomic mass unit ( u ), and distribution of electrons in various shells, such as $\mathrm{K}, \mathrm{L}, \mathrm{M}, \mathrm{N} . .$.

C-1.3

Recognise and accurately apply the chemical symbols for the first eighteen elements according to IUPAC

C-5.1

Draw labelled diagrams of various atomic models, such as Thomson’s model, Rutherford’s model and Bohr’s model
Create and present a role play, stage play, or story of ‘Journey Inside the Atom’ to display awareness about the contributions of key scientists in the discovery and development of atomic structure

C-5.2

Display awareness about the role of Indian scientists and their contributions to atomic science for peaceful purposes and explore how their works influenced India’s scientific development

C-5.3

Display awareness about the societal impact of science in making life healthier, like the use of various isotopes in medicines to treat different diseases, and atomic energy in power generation
Design and develop games that utilise atomic number, mass number, and subatomic particle clues to accurately predict and identify elements

C-6.1

Display awareness about the contributions of the ancient Indian philosopher, Acharya Kanad’s idea of indivisible particles (Parmanu)

C-7.1

Describe the use of the atomic mass unit (u) to measure the mass of atoms as per IUPAC recommendations
Describe scientific discoveries that explain how the structure of the atom has evolved over time through various atomic models proposed by different scientists

C-7.2

Pose question, such as – Is it possible to completely understand everything that happens inside an atom?

C-8.1

Exhibit creativity and work collaboratively in groups to design different models of atoms

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena by applying prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, and predict the results of data based on the hypotheses
Analyse results and present findings using scientific terms
Correlate the results and conclusions of different models of atomic structure
Represent data in multiple modes, including appropriate figures, tables, graphs or digital formats, and interpret and draw inferences from the data
Communicate findings and conclusions effectively, such as those from experiments, activities or projects, both orally and in written form

Atoms and Molecules

C-1.1

Differentiate between chemical species based on their properties or characteristics, such as atoms and molecules, elements and compounds, ionic and covalent compounds, cations and anions, formula unit mass and molecular mass
Plan and demonstrate activities to observe and verify the law of conservation of mass
Explain the Dalton’s atomic theory, the law of conservation of mass, the law of constant proportions, and formation of ionic and covalent compounds
Calculate the charge on an ion, valency from the atomic number, the molecular and formula unit mass
Use scientific conventions, symbols, and valency to write the chemical formulae of simple compounds
Display awareness about the scientific discoveries, such as the contributions of Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Proust, and John Dalton
Handle common laboratory chemicals and apparatus safely

C-5.1

Draw diagrams of electron dot structures of atoms and molecules

C-5.2

Describe how atoms and molecules can lead to beneficial applications, such as medicine, energy and peaceful use of atomic science
Relate atomic bonding to social bonding

C-5.3

Design educational games to write chemical formulae using symbols

C-6.1

Display awareness about the contributions of Indian scientists in promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy and the traditional use of the red pigment ‘cinnabar’ obtained from rocks

C-7.1

Describe the basic concepts that matter are made of particles; elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds; the law of conservation of mass; and different types of bonding (ionic and covalent)

C-7.2

Pose question, such as – Are there any chemical changes that do not obey the law of conservation of mass?

C-8.1

Exhibit creativity and work collaboratively in groups to construct simple models of compounds

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena by applying prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and laws, and predict the results of data based on the hypotheses
Accurately use scientific instruments, apparatus and chemicals to collect data
Analyse results and findings using scientific terms
Represent data in multiple modes, including appropriate figures, tables, graphs or digital formats
Communicate findings and conclusions effectively, such as those from experiments, activities or projects, both orally and in written form

Earth as a System: Energy, Matter and Life

C-2.8

Explain the interconnectedness between different spheres of the Earth (biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere)
Explain the nature of solar radiation
Explain that solar radiation is an electromagnetic waves having different frequencies
Explain how heat from the Sun warms the Earth’s surface differently based on the shape, latitude and tilt of the Earth
Explain the interaction of solar radiation with the Earth’s surface and relate the differential heating of the Earth’s surface with the atmospheric phenomena, such as air movement, evaporation, etc., and describe phenomena like mountain, valley, sea and land breezes
Describe how the latitude and tilt of the Earth, and absorption and reflection of solar radiation by different surfaces cause differential heating of the Earth’s surface
Identify various components of the Earth that interact with solar energy
Explain the role of the atmosphere in influencing weather and climate on the Earth
Identify the reflectivity of different materials through reliable scientific sources, such as the internet and books
Describe how elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and water are recycled between biotic and abiotic environments
Explain biogeochemical cycles, and the roles of biogeochemical cycles in circulating matter and energy continuously between the non-living environment (abiotic) and living (biotic) organisms, making nutrients available, and maintaining environmental balance

C-6.1

Reflect the changing nature of Earth’s environment through our traditional knowledge

C-7.2

Pose questions, such as-What will happen if there is no differential heating of the Earth?

C-8.1

Draw flow charts, concept maps for biogeochemical cycles, differential heating of the Earth’s surface and Electromagnetic spectrum

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of differential heating of the Earth and biogeochemical cycle
Predict the results of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Communicate findings and conclusions effectively, such as those from experiments, activities or projects, both orally and in written form

Motion

C-2.1

Differentiate between distance travelled and displacement, and speed and velocity for objects moving in a straight line
Define displacement, velocity, acceleration, and uniform circular motion
Express displacement, velocity, acceleration in appropriate SI units
Plot and interpret position-time graphs and velocity-time graphs to describe the motion of an object moving in a straight line in one direction (with constant velocity and constant acceleration)
Calculate average velocity from position-time graph, displacement and average acceleration from velocity-time graph
Derive kinematic equations for motion in a straight line with constant acceleration by graphical method
Calculate values of unknown physical quantities from the given physical quantities, using kinematic equations
Derive the expression of speed for uniform circular motion

C-8.1

Analyse real-life events and phenomena, and identify the key factors that influence their behaviour

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and principles
Predict about the outcome of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Identify the variables that are relevant to a scientific investigation and determine how to control or manipulate them
Accurately use scientific instruments and equipment to collect data
Represent data in multiple modes, including tables, graphs and visual representations, and interpret and draw inferences from the data
-Communicate their findings using scientific terminology and effectively communicate their conclusions to others

Force and Laws of Motion

C-2.1

Explain that force has magnitude as well as direction
-Identify situations in which balanced and unbalanced forces are acting on an object
Explain the role of friction on the motion of objects
Recognise that for an object moving with constant velocity, the net force is zero, whereas a change in velocity (acceleration) is caused by a force
State and explain Newton’s first law of motion
State and explain Newton’s second law in terms of mass and acceleration
Calculate force using mathematical expression of Newton’s second law of motion
Define SI unit of force
State and explain Newton’s third law of motion
Apply Newton’s laws of motion to explain everyday life events

C-8.1

Analyse real-life events and phenomena, and identify the key factors that influence their behaviour
Develop a model to represent real-life event
Use models to manipulate variables and predict results

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and principles
Predict about the outcome of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Identify the variables that are relevant to a scientific investigation and determine how to control or manipulate them
Accurately use scientific instruments and equipment to collect data
Represent data in multiple modes, including tables, graphs and visual representations, and interpret and draw inferences from the data
Communicate their findings using scientific terminology and effectively communicate their conclusions to others

Work, Energy and Simple Machines

C-2.5

Define work done by a constant force and its SI unit
Calculate work done by a force using mathematical expression
State work-energy theorem
Explain the concept of energy and state its SI unit
Name forms of energy and identify their interconversion in surroundings (elementary idea)
Define kinetic energy of a moving object and derive its mathematical expression
Define potential energy for an object raised to a height and derive its mathematical expression
Calculate kinetic and potential energy using mathematical expressions
Explain conversion between potential energy and kinetic energy (for the case of an object under free fall)
State the law of conservation of energy
Define power and its unit
Calculate power using its mathematical expression

C-2.6

Identify different simple machines (pulley, inclined plane and lever)
Define mechanical advantage and calculate its value for simple machine
Demonstrate and explain mechanical advantage of simple machines

C-8.1

Analyse real-life events and phenomena, and identify the key factors that influence their behaviour
Develop model to represent real-life event
Use models to manipulate variables and predict results

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and principles
Predict about the outcome of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Identify the variables that are relevant to a scientific investigation and determine how to control or manipulate them
Accurately use scientific instruments and equipment to collect data
Represent data in multiple modes, including tables, graphs and visual representations, and interpret and draw inferences from the data
Communicate their findings using scientific terminology and effectively communicate their conclusions to others

Sound

C-2.7

Demonstrate the production of sound in multiple ways (through vibration of strings, membranes, air columns) using materials in surroundings
Explain that sound is produced by vibrations
Demonstrate that sound can travel through different mediums (air, solid and liquid)
Describe that sound needs a medium for propagation
Explain that sound travels as a longitudinal wave
Describe the characteristics of sound waves the (wavelength, frequency, time period, amplitude, intensity and speed)
Analyse graphs representing sound
Write relationship between time period and frequency of sound wave
Derive mathematical expression for speed of sound
Calculate speed of sound using its mathematical expression
Explain human perception of sound in terms of audible range, loudness and pitch of sound
Describe reflection of sound, and apply it to echo and reverberations in surroundings
Explain the use of sound waves for echolocation

C-5.3

Describe music in terms of characteristics of sound waves, such as loudness and pitch

C-6.1

Name historical buildings designed for echoes, such as whispering gallery of Gol Gumbaz
Display awareness about Sir C.V. Raman

C-8.1

Analyse real-life events and phenomena, and identify the key factors that influence their behaviour
Develop model to represent real-life event
Use models to manipulate variables and predict results

C-8.2

Formulate hypotheses about scientific phenomena based on prior knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and principles
Predict about the outcome of an experiment or investigation based on their hypotheses
Identify the variables that are relevant to a scientific investigation and determine how to control or manipulate them
Accurately use scientific instruments and equipment to collect data
Represent data in multiple modes, including tables, graphs and visual representations, and interpret and draw inferences from the data
Communicate their findings using scientific terminology and effectively communicate their conclusions to others