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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 10 months ago
O2 and F2 both stabilise high oxidation states with metal but the tendency is greater in oxygen than fluorine. It is because O2 bears -2 charges for each oxygen atom while F2 bears only -1 for each atom thus the force of attraction between the metal atom and O2-ion is greater than the force between the same metal atom and F- ion. Thus, oxygen has the ability to form multiple bonds with transition element whereas fluorine does not have the ability to form multiple bonds with transition elements. Hence, O2 gets the higher state of metals.
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Sia ? 4 years, 6 months ago
- No tetrahedral Oxygens shared with other tetrahedra
- Based on SiO4 4-
- Also called nesosilicates
- A diverse group of minerals, examples covered or touched on here or in lab:
- olivine
- garnet
- aluminosilicates
- kyanite
- andalusite
- sillimanite
- topaz
- staurolite
- zircon
- titanite or sphene
- chloritoid
- humite group
- structures determined by size(s) and charge(s) of cations in the structure
- often rather dense minerals, high S.G., hard (lots of references to the Gems course), high R.I. - mantle phases
- equant grains with generally poor cleavage
- low amounts of Al substitution for Si
Pyrosilicates are silicates which contain Si2O76-. They are formed by joining two tetrahedral Si2O44-. When two Si2O44- are joined, there is removal of one oxygen atom and the two units join at the corner oxygen atom. Example is thortveitite, Sc2Si2O7. The structure of pyrosilicate is:

The reds are oxygen atoms and greens are silicon.
Cyclic silicates contains (SiO3)n2n- which are formed by linking three or more tetrahedral SiO44- units cyclically. Each SiO44- shares two oxygen atoms with other unit. Example is Benitoite, BaTi(SiO3)3. Here three SiO44- units are arranged cyclically.
<i>Orthosilicates: </i>In simple Orthosilicates the SiO4 4- tetrahedron units do not share any of its oxygen atoms with any of the other tetrahedra units. E.g. Willmenite ZnSiO4, Zircon ZrSiO4.
<i> </i><i>Pyrosilicates or Island silicates</i>
In Pyrosilicates one oxygen atom is shared by two silicate units General formula is (Si2O7)6-
E.g. Thortevitite Sc2[Si2O7] and Hemimorphite Zn(OH)2(Si2O7)H2O
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Vaishnavi Kalvakuntla 5 years, 10 months ago
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