Shelter belts are a line of trees or shrubs planted to protect an area, especially a field of crops, from fierce weather.

The goals of the assembly is creating a unified Germany that was liberal and Constitutionally governed.

draw logos of standards available for various goods and services in India.

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When power is taken away from central government and given to local governments it is known as decentralization. A major step was taken towards decentralization in 1992. It includes :-

• It is constitutionally mandatory to hold elections at local bodies.
• Reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes or other backward classes.
• at least one-third seats reserved for women.
• installation of State election commission in each to conduct panchayat and municipal corporations
• State governments are now required to share power and revenue with center.

Europe in the mid-18th Century No nation states because Europeans never saw themselves as sharing a common identity or culture. E.g., The Habsburg Empire of Austria–Hungary comprised French, Italian and German-speaking people. Europe was broadly divided into two classes during this period namely: Aristocracy The land owning class. Numerically small, but dominated Europe, both socially and politically. Spoke French which was considered the language of the high society. Families were connected through marriage. Peasantry Tenants and small land owners who worked as serfs. Cultivated the lands of the aristocratic lords. The growth of trade and industrial production facilitated the growth of towns and rise of a commercial class of traders. Consequently, the new conscious, educated, liberal middle class emerged and popularized nationalism and stood for the abolition of aristocracy.

Europe in the mid-18th Century No nation states because Europeans never saw themselves as sharing a common identity or culture. E.g., The Habsburg Empire of Austria–Hungary comprised French, Italian and German-speaking people. Europe was broadly divided into two classes during this period namely: Aristocracy The land owning class. Numerically small, but dominated Europe, both socially and politically. Spoke French which was considered the language of the high society. Families were connected through marriage. Peasantry Tenants and small land owners who worked as serfs. Cultivated the lands of the aristocratic lords. The growth of trade and industrial production facilitated the growth of towns and rise of a commercial class of traders. Consequently, the new conscious, educated, liberal middle class emerged and popularized nationalism and stood for the abolition of aristocracy. hope it helps u.....!

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explain the aim to form zollverein a custom Union in 1834 in Germany

The vast territory lying between the Black sea and the Adriatic sea comprising the modern states of Romania, Albania, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro was known as the Balkans.
All these states were once the part of the Ottoman Empire and were inhabited by people broadly known as Slavs.

<font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">The making of a Global World or Globalization as it is more often called, is creating a world without boundaries, where exchange of ideas, information, money, inventions, cultures and religion, between countries and communities is predominant.</font></font>

<font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">The making of the global world started as early as 3000 B.C., when active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley Civilization with the present day Western Asia. Traders, priests and pilgrims traveled far and wide from ancient times. They carried with them goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and disease. The long distance spread of disease was predominant as way back as the seventh century. By the thirteenth century intercontinental trade was well established.</font></font>

Different types of soils found in India are :
(i) Alluvial Soil. This is the most widespread soil in India. This soil is formed by the deposition of materials by the rivers namely the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra. It is mainly found in Northern Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains. It is the most fertile soil. Due to high fertility they are intensively cultivated and are densely populated.
(ii) Black Soil. This soil is black in colour and cotton grows best in this soil. This soil is formed by the weathering of igneous rocks. It is-mainly confined to the north western part of Peninsular Plateau, Deccan lava plateau which includes the states of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, MadhyaPradesh and Chhattisgarh.
(iii) Red and Yellow Soil. Red soil develops on crystalline Igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the Eastern and South Eastern parts of the Deccan plateau. This soil is rich in iron compounds and is reddish in colour due to diffusion while it is yellowish in colour when it occurs in hydrated form.
(iv) Laterite Soil. These soils are formed by intense leaching in tropical regions where both temperature and rainfall is high. This soil is devoid of nutrients and has low humus content and is not suitable for crop cultivation. It is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. Through soil conservation techniques, they are useful for growing tea and coffee.
(v) Arid Soils. These soils are sandy and saline in nature. They lack humus and moisture. They can be suitable for crop cultivation where irrigation is available. This soil is mainly found in Rajasthan.

Alluvial Soils

• These soils are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers.
• They are rich in humus and very fertile.
• They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

Black Soils:

• These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow.
• It is concentrated in the parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash.

Red Soils:

• These are formed by weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau.
• Due to iron composition these soils are red in color.
• When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown.
• They cover the parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa.

I also have the same question why does CBSE not provide chapter wise test series we should not do like this in just how can we learn all the chapters and how can we give 10 of them it's very hard for students CBSE CBSE have to change the rules

Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.
The following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe :
(i) Decline of Feudalism. There was a steady decline of federal lords and many of them died in mutual warfare. The crusades also improverished the barons. Federal lords were the major obstacle in the emergence of nationalism, and without their destruction the cause of nationalism might have greatly suffered.
(ii) Weakening Authority of the Pope. The Church enjoyed supreme and exalted position and commanded a great power in the middle Ages, but the Reformation movement as well as the Renvai-ssance led to awakening among the people and weakened the authority of the Pope. As a result, national churches and national states were established in many countries.
(iii) Wars. Wars roused nationalism among the people of both France and England. The Hundred Years’ War between in the two countries gave rise to national feeling both in France and England.
(iv) Foreign Rule. The foreign rulers suppressed the people and treated them cruelly and mercilessly. This led and united the people against the foreign rule and infused the spirit of nationalism in them.
(v) Vienna Settlement. The Vienna Settlement after the Napoleonic Wars tried to suppress the force of revolution and nationalism in Europe. But this further fuelled the people of the subjected countries and they started national movements for their independence.
(vi) Impact of Great Writers. The contribution by various writers, poets, philosophers, statesmen and politicians had a great impact in infusing in feelings of nationalism in Europe. This can be judged from the fact that Machiavelli is called the father of modern nationalism. Apart from that, the writings of J.S. Mill, Fitch, Garibaldi, Mazzzini etc. also went a long way in rousing among the people the spirit of nationalism.

Resource Planning. Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned and judicious utilisation of resources. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.

Salt march : Salt march mainly known as dandiarch or salt Satyagraha was undertaken by mahatma Gandhi in 1930 ..The march was from sabarmati to the Dandi the coast of the sea.salt was staple food of the people and was required by every class of people . Salt was prepared by the sea water and was mainly prepared by the c Britishers . It includes high taxation. Dandi march was the movement which brought the people closer to each other to fight against britishers

Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. It was to look into the functions of the constitutional system in India. Since it had no Indian member in it, it was boycotted by all political parties in the country.
• Later, in 1929, the Congress under the leadership of Nehru declared 'Poorna Swaraj' as its main aim. The nationalist fervour began to rise in the country.
• As nationalist feelings began to emerge, Gandhi sent a letter containing eleven demands to Lord Irwin in 1930 asking him to accept it. When he refused, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movment.

Biodiversity refers to diverse flora and fauna that exist in a given area. Plants, animals and human beings are interdependent. It is necessary for human beings as we get fresh air, water, food, etc., from them. Thus, the existence of human beings depend on them.

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Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra and it contains six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.

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Major steps that were taken towards decentralisation in 1992 were:

• It was made obligatory to hold elections for choosing members of local governmental institutions
• Seats were reserved for people belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and other backward classes in local bodies.
• One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
• State Election Commission was constituted in the states for holding elections in government bodies.
• It was made mandatory for the State Governments to share powers and revenues with local bodies.

• The idea of environmental conservation gains real momentum if we are able to conserve resources and use them in a manner that they are sufficiently available for the coming generation as well. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) defines this using the concept of sustainable development. It explains sustainable development as a process that provides for the present generation without compromising on the needs of the future generations.
• Sustainable development has gained momentum as a larger movement over the years. We now associate it with improving living standards, poverty alleviation, nutritional improvements, minimizing social and cultural instability and resource depletion.
• The Brundtland Commission lays emphasis on the idea of passing on an environment with enough and good-quality resources to the future generation, just as we have bequeathed from our previous generations.
• The features of sustainable development include a sustained rise in per capita income (PCI) worldwide, rational usage of resources, pollution checks, population control and relative dependence on renewable sources of energy to meet future generations’ needs.

Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource.

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Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’. The distinct feature of these prints were the representations of men, nations and allegories. In the first of his print, we can see men and women marching across the statue of Liberty to offer homage. The statue holds a torch of enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man. And finally, the remains of the absolutist institutions can be seen broken and shattered on the Earth indicating the end of conservatism and absolutism.

Following are three important causes of the Non-cooperation Movement:

Khilafat Movement - The treatment meted out by the British government to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed the Indian Muslims as he was seen as their religious head. As a result, they started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani, etc. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to achieve the much desired Hindu-Muslim unity and made efforts to make common cause with the Khilafat leaders. He was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919 and advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the British government. The Khilafat leaders agreed and campaigned accordingly. Thus, the Khilafat Movement furthered the cause of the Non-cooperation Movement.

Rowlatt Act - The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus. This was seen as a major breach of trust by Indians who were expecting the British to deliver on their promise of providing self-government. Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Act but his plea fell on deaf ears.

Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy - The Jalianwala Bagh massacre and the subsequent British reaction to it was a watershed event in the Indian freedom struggle. It led to a huge furor all over the country and hardened the Congress resolve to attain self government.

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