Explain howarth structure for glucose

image164.png Below are three representations of the open chain form of D-glucose: in the conventional Fischer projection (A), in the “line structure” variation of the Fischer projection in which carbons and hydrogens are not shown (B), and finally in the 'zigzag' style (C) that is preferred by organic chemists. image166.png Care must be taken when ‘translating’ Fischer projection structures into' zigzag' format – it is easy to get the stereochemistry wrong. Probably the best way to make a translation is to simply assign R/S configurations to each stereocenter, and proceed from there. When deciding whether a stereocenter in a Fischer projection is R or S, realize that the hydrogen, in a horizontal bond, is pointing towards you – therefore, a counterclockwise circle means R, and a clockwise circle means S (the opposite of when the hydrogen is pointing away from you). image168.png Fischer projections are useful when looking at many different diastereomeric sugar structures, because the eye can quickly pick out stereochemical differences according to whether a hydroxyl group is on the left or right side of the structure. image170.png Exercise 3.24: Draw 'zigzag' structures (using the solid/dash wedge convention to show stereochemistry) for the four sugars in the figure above. Label all stereocenters R or S. To make it easy to check your answers, draw your structures using the framework below. Solutions to exercises While Fischer projections are used for sugars in their open-chain form, Haworth projections are often used to depict sugars in their cyclic forms. The beta diastereomer of the cyclic form of glucose is shown below in three different depictions, with the Haworth projection in the middle.

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A Haworth projection is a common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. Organic chemistry and especially biochemistry are the areas of chemistry that use the Haworth projection the most.