The relationship between behaviour and attitude is interwoven. It is usually believed that the behaviour is followed by an attitude but it is not the case always, the behaviour is exhibited only when the individual possesses a strong attitude towards anything, when the person is not being watched and when the behaviour has a positive outcome. As in a study conducted by Richard LaPierre on managers of the hotels in America, it was found that the Americans despite having a negative attitude towards Chinse travellers allowed a Chinese couple to stay in their hotels. Also Sometimes it is the behaviour that decides the attitude.

The conditions that lead the learning of attitudes are:

Learning attitudes by association: A positive association between two factors or set of people can help in learning of attitude. For example; students take a liking to a particular subject because of the teacher concerned. This is because the students are able to identify with many of the qualities of such a teacher. These qualities transcend the subject such a teacher teaches and are important to the students liking that subject.

Learning attitudes by being rewarded or punished: An individual develops a particular attitude. if she is praised for it. For example, a student who is good at sports and is called the NUMBERO UNO of sports then she develops a positive attitude towards sports and health and fitness. On similar lines, if a child is taken ill repeatedly on eating junk food, then she develops a negative attitude towards junk food and a positive attitude towards eating healthy food.

Bodily - Kinaesthetic

Intelligence – Identification  

explanation  Interpersonal

Intelligence - Identification  explanation  

Group polarization is a group influence which refers to the strengthening of groups initial position as a result interaction and discussion.
As a result of group discussion opinion shifts towards more extreme positions than those whicfi they initially held.
In group polarization, it has been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. Group polarization occurs due to the following factors:
(i)In the company of like-minded people, people are likely to hear newer arguments favouring their view-points.
(ii)When people find others also favouring their view-point, they feel that their view is validated by the public. This is a sort of bandwagon effect.
(iii)When people find others having similar views, they are likely to perceive them as in-group.

It is a branch of psychology which focuses on the links between the mind, the brain and immune system. It studies the effects of stress on the immune system.

• Aggression: According to psychologists, aggression refers to any behaviour by a person that is intended to cause harm to another person or persons to take revenge. For example, aggression It can be demonstrated in actual action or through the use of harsh words or criticism or even hostile feelings against others.
•Violence: Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or persons to attain some material gain is violence.
Instrumental Aggression:
The act of aggression is meant to obtain a certain goal or get others, possessions forcefully. For example, A bully slaps a new student in school so that he can snatch the new comer’s chocolate. In violence, individual may or may not have the intention to harm others in terms of revenge. It is forceful destructive behaviour, e.g., hitting a person just to loot his money.
Hostile Aggression:
An expression of anger towards the target, with the intention of harming him/her even if the aggressor does not wish to obtain anything from the victim. For example, A criminal may beat up a person in the community for mentioning his name to the police. Aggression can be reduced by creating the appropriate attitude towards the general problem of growing aggression.
(a)Parenting:
•Parents and teacher should be specially careful not to encourage aggression in any form. The use of punishment to bring about discipline also needs to be changed.
(b)Modelling:
•Opportunities to observe and imitate the behaviour of aggressive models should be reduced drastically.
Portraying aggression as heroic behaviour should be particularly avoided because this may set the stage for learning through observation.
(c)Implementing social justice and equality in society:
•It will help in reducing frustration levels and thereby curb aggressive tendencies at least to some extent.
(d)Inculcating positive attitude towards peace at the level of community or society. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi, gave the world a new view to peace that was not simply the absence of aggression. This was non-violence. It should be taught to the younger generation.

• presence of biological aberration 
• person may carry a vulnerability 
• presence of pathogenic stressors 

Stress drive from Latin words 'strictus' meaning tight or narrow and 'stringere', the verb meaning to tighten. These root words reflect the internal feelings of tightness and constriction of the muscles and breathing.

Stress is often explained in terms of characteristics of the environment that are disruptive to the individual.

There are three major types of stress, viz. physical and environmental, psychological and social.

1. Physical and Environmental Stress:

Physical stresses are demands that change the state of our body. For example, disabilities, malnutrition, injury, etc.

Environmental stresses are aspects of our surroundings that are often unavoidable such as air-pollution, noise, crowding, heat, etc. They can also be catastrophic events or disasters such as fires, earthquakes or floods.

2. Psychological Stress Internal Sources of Stress:

This is stress that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. Some of these are:

(a) Frustation: Results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal. There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination, inter-personal hurt, low grades in school, etc.

(b) Conflict: It may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives. e.g., whether to study psychology or sociology.

(c) Pressure:

schemas

Moreover, social cognition is activated by cognitive units called schemas. Cognitive processes cannot be directly seen; they have to be inferred on the basis of externally shown behaviour. There are other examples of social influence that are in the form of observable behaviour.

• Psychometric theory of intelligence is the intelligence that is measured through mental test and evaluations whereas information processing theory of intelligence is based on cognitive abilities and regulation .
• Psychometric theory of intelligence evaluates intelligence through number tests, reasoning, memory test etc whereas information processing theory of intelligence tests through receiving information from environment and learning and regulating it.

Anxiety disorders are mental health conditions that involve excessive amounts of anxiety, fear, nervousness, worry, or dread. Anxiety that is too constant or too intense can cause a person to feel preoccupied, distracted, tense, and always on alert.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions. They affect people of all ages — adults, children, and teens. There are many different types of anxiety disorders, with different symptoms. They all have one thing in common, though: Anxiety occurs too often, is too strong, is out of proportion to the present situation, and affects a person's daily life and happiness.

The state of physical(fatigue, weakness and low energy), emotional and psychological (irritability, anxiety, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness) exhaustion is known as burnout.

Attribution is the process through which we seek to identify the causes of other's behaviour and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions.

(ii) Source Characteristics: Source credibility and attractiveness are two features that affect attitudes change. Attitudes are more likely to change when the message comes from highly credible source rather than from a low credible source. e.g., car sales may increase if they are publicized by automobile experts.

Source Characteristics: Source credibility and attractiveness are two features that affect attitudes change. Attitudes are more likely to change when the message comes from highly credible source rather than from a low credible source. e.g., car sales may increase if they are publicized by automobile experts.

Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterization of basic components of personality. It tries to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into the smaller number of personality traits. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping but also engage in behaviors that involve other social components. Thus, the trait approach attempts to identify the primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviors that are activated according to the demands of the situation.

1. The type approaches attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioral characteristics of individuals while the trait approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ inconsistent and stable ways.

2. Each behavioral pattern of type approach refers to one type in which individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their behavioral characteristics with that pattern while in trait approach refers to the degree of presence or absence of the concerned behavioral quality on which individuals can be rated.

1. Physical and Environmental Stress: Physical stresses are demands that change the state of our body. For example, disabilities, malnutrition, injury, etc.Environmental stresses are aspects of our surroundings that are often unavoidable such as air-pollution, noise, crowding, heat, etc. They can also be catastrophic events or disasters such as fires, earthquakes or floods.

2. Psychological Stress Internal Sources of Stress:This is stress that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. Some of these are:

(a) Frustation: Results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal. There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination, inter-personal hurt, low grades in school, etc.

(b) Conflict: It may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives. e.g., whether to study psychology or sociology.
(c) Pressure:• Internal Pressures: It refers to expectations. Stress from beliefs based upon expectation from inside us to ourselves such as, 'I must do everything perfectly'.

3. Social Stress: It is induced from external factors and results from interaction with other people. Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, rapid social change, poverty, discrimination and lack of social support are examples of social stress. These social stresses vary widely from person to person. e.g., living in a colony where extremely heterogeneous socio-economic groups live together.