Planning can be defined as “thinking in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done and by whom it should be done.”
According to Fayol, “Planning is chalking out plan of action, i.e., the result envisaged in the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through the methods to use.”

1. Muscle strength: The muscle should have a minimum level of strength to make the movement, especially against the gravity or external force.
2. Joint structure: There are different types of joint in the human body, some of the joints intrinsically have a greater range of motion than others for example. The ball & socket joint of the shoulder has the greatest range of motion in comparison to the knee joint.
3. Internal environment:- Internal environment of athlete influences the flexibility. For example-warm bath increases body temperature and flexibility whereas 10 minutes outside stay in 100c temperature reduces the body temperature and flexibility.
4. Injury: Injuries to connecting tissues and muscles can lead to thickening or fibronectin on the effected area. Fibrous tissues are less elastic and can lead to limb shortening and lead to reduce flexibility.
5. Age and gender: Flexibility decreases with the advancement of age. However, it is trainable. It can be enhanced with the help of training as strength and endurance are enhanced. Gender also determine the flexibility. Females tend to be more flexible than male.

Nutritive components of diet 

i) Carbohydrate

ii) Fats

iii) Proteins

iv) Vitamins

V) Mineral

Non Nutritive components of diet

 i) Fibre or Roughage

ii)Water

iii) Colour

 iv) Flavour Compounds

v) Plant Compounds 

Elements of Yoga : Yoga is not a mechanical process but a thoughtful process. The main purpose of yoga is to provide a sound body with tension free and sound mind. The ultimate aim of yoga is" self-identification and self perfection which comes through self realization and self purification. According to Patanjali, Yoga consists of 8 (eight) stages to achieve the union of Atma with Parmatma. Patanjali outlines a complete eight fold path that deals with all elements of Yoga in our life inwardly and outwardly.
The elements of Yoga are :
(i) Yama : These are the basic principles, codes of ethics or restraints such as honesty, non-violence, non-stealing and non-possessiveness. These are universal commandments. These restraints are meant to prevent a person from indulging in undesirable worldly activities.
(ii) Niyam : These are basic principles for self, like a healthy body, hygienic habits, proper diet, sleep, rest, work routine, etc. This is a self moral code of discipline. We call it lifestyle development.
(iii) Asana : These are slow stretching activities performed to improve the whole body fitness. Asanas are the postures which keep the body healthy, balanced and helps it in maintaining harmony with nature.
(iv) Pranayama : This is a systematic and rythmic control of breathing, performed to improve the functioning of the body. It is a breathing exercise which includes breath in, retention and breath out and then relax.

Increase in heart size: Regular exercises develop the muscles of the heart. It increases the size of the heart along with the strengthening of heart. The heart becomes efficient in doing its job.

The decrease in cholesterol level: Regular exercise reduces the level of cholesterol in Our blood. The level of cholesterol in our blood is directly linked with blood pressure. Exercise decreases the level of low-density protein and increases the level of high-density lips protein. It means that exercise decreases the LDL (bad cholesterol) and increase HDL (good cholesterol)

Faster adaptation to workload: Due to the regular exercise, the heart can adapt to working load quickly i.e. quick adjustment of the heart according to body needs.

Increase in no. and efficiency of capillaries: With the regular exercise, efficiency and no. of capillaries is increased with the increase of Muscle mass. The unused and new capillaries become efficient and nourish the various cells efficient and nourish the various cells effectively.

Improve the working capacity of the cardiovascular system: Regular exercise Improve cardio-vascular system thus the blood travels faster through the blood vessels and increased circulation of blood makes healing faster.

a short exam to measure somebody’s knowledge or skill in something.

1. Knock Knees - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural deformity in which the legs are bent inward and knees strike each other while walking or running. Between birth and 18 months, an outward-turning alignment from hip to knee to ankle is normal. Between about 18 and 24 months, this alignment normally becomes neutral. When the child is between 2 and 5 years old, an inwa

Flat foot meaning - Flat foot is a postural deformity in which the inner curve of foot has bulge more than normal. In this default of feet person gives complete print of his foot sole over the plane surface.

Round shoulders meaning - Round Shoulders or arm around shoulder is a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round and sometimes they seem to be bent forward. If you are looking for how to fix rounded shoulders, you are at right place. Fix your rounded shoulders without any surgery. See round shoulder exercise given below for treatment of rounded shoulders.

NEW PLAYERS 

There are many students who are talented and are not able to exhibit their talent. So intramurals provide opportunity for them to show their talent. The intramurals give an opportunity to the students to many new skills. Since intramurals include variety of activities so it becomes more interesting to learn.

Types  of movements

There are various types of movement in body parts which can be divided in four types i.e. gliding & angular movements, circumduction & rotation and few other movements.

Gliding movements: Gliding movements is the simplest kind of movement that can take place in a joint, one surface gliding or moving over another without any angular or rotator movement.

Angular movement: Angular movement occurs between long bones. By angular movement the angle between the two bones increased or decreased. The various movements which fall under angular movements are described below:

a) Flexion: Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee).
b) Extensions: Straightening parts so that the angle between them increases and parts moves farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee).
c) Abduction means moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body))
d) Adduction means moving a part towards the midline ( returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).

Inclusion in physical education means that students with disabilities participate in all activities equally with other students. Students with disabilities learn the same curriculum content, with the same lesson objective, in the same space, with the same assessment as all other students. Modifications are applied where needed. 

Administration of AAHPER motor Fitness Test:- The test is administered on school student of around 17 years of age. It includes.

(a) Pull up for boys

(b) Sit-up

(c) Shuttle run

(d) Standing long jump

(e) 50 mts. dash

(f) 600 Years run/walk

Detailed Answer :

AAPHERD stands for American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. In 1965, AAPHER led to the collection of wide ranging records or data and revision of the national norms. The following test items are included in this test battery.

(a) Pull-ups (for boys ) or flexed arm hangs (for girls).

(b) Sit ups to a maximum of 50 (for girls) and 100 for boys.

(c) Shuttle Run.

(d) Standing Broad Jump.

(e) 50 yard dash.

(f) Six hundred yard run/walk.

(g) Softball throw for distance.

In 1976, AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was again revised and the following changes were made :

(a) The softball throw test item was deleted. (b) Fixed number of straight leg sit ups test was changed to bent knee sit-ups performed in 60 seconds.

(c) 600 yard run/walk was made optional and the individuals could opt for their 600 yard run/walk or 9 minute run/walk or 1 mile (for ages 10-12) run/walk i.e., 12 minute run/walk (for ages 13 and above). After the revision of AAPHER Youth fitness test in 1976 or 1.5 mile run/walk, following items were finalized in this test battery.

(a) Pull ups (for boys) flexed arm hang (for girls)

(b) Bent knee sit ups

(c) Shuttle sum

(d) Standing board jump

(e) 50 yard dash

(f) 600 yard or 9 min run/walk

(a) Pull ups

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with his palms facing away from him. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given before the start of the test. Flexed Arm Hang (for girls)

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar, is taken as her score.

(b) Flexed leg sit ups :

Purpose : To measure abdominal strength and endurance.

Procedure : The youth is asked to lie on the floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of the knees should be around 90°. The feet are held by the partner, the youth puts hand behind the head with fingers interlocked. Then the youth curls up and touches the elbow to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 sec.

(c) Shuttle Run :

Purpose : To measure speed and agility Procedure : Two parallel lines are marked 30 feet apart and two wooden blocks 2× 2 × 4 inches are kept on one side of a marked line. The youth stands behind the line opposite to the line where wooden blocks are placed. At the start signal, youth runs towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it to the line from where the test started. The youth then runs and similarly lifts the other block and places it at the starting line. 

(d) Standing Broad Jump :

Purpose : To measure power Procedure : The youth is asked to stand behind the restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knee and swinging arm before jumping. The youth lands on both the feet together. The distance from take-off line to the heel is measured in inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

(e) 50 yard dash :

Purpose : To measure speed Procedure : The youth is asked to run 50 yards and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

(f) 600 yard run/walk :

Purpose : To measure endurance Procedure : The youth is asked to run/walk for 600 yards and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

The Pre-Competition Meal
The goal prior to a competition or a training session is to maximise carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver and to top up blood glucose stores. This helps in

• sustaining energy
• boosting
• performance
• hydrating the body
• preserving muscle mass and
• speeding recovery after competition.

“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”

The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

l.To increase the creativity.

m.To enhance the sports performance.

n.To protect existing facilities.

o.Provide new facilities to meet demand.

p.Helps in decision making.