Inclusion in physical education means that students with disabilities participate in all activities equally with other students. Students with disabilities learn the same curriculum content, with the same lesson objective, in the same space, with the same assessment as all other students. Modifications are applied where needed. 

Administration of AAHPER motor Fitness Test:- The test is administered on school student of around 17 years of age. It includes.

(a) Pull up for boys

(b) Sit-up

(c) Shuttle run

(d) Standing long jump

(e) 50 mts. dash

(f) 600 Years run/walk

Detailed Answer :

AAPHERD stands for American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. In 1965, AAPHER led to the collection of wide ranging records or data and revision of the national norms. The following test items are included in this test battery.

(a) Pull-ups (for boys ) or flexed arm hangs (for girls).

(b) Sit ups to a maximum of 50 (for girls) and 100 for boys.

(c) Shuttle Run.

(d) Standing Broad Jump.

(e) 50 yard dash.

(f) Six hundred yard run/walk.

(g) Softball throw for distance.

In 1976, AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was again revised and the following changes were made :

(a) The softball throw test item was deleted. (b) Fixed number of straight leg sit ups test was changed to bent knee sit-ups performed in 60 seconds.

(c) 600 yard run/walk was made optional and the individuals could opt for their 600 yard run/walk or 9 minute run/walk or 1 mile (for ages 10-12) run/walk i.e., 12 minute run/walk (for ages 13 and above). After the revision of AAPHER Youth fitness test in 1976 or 1.5 mile run/walk, following items were finalized in this test battery.

(a) Pull ups (for boys) flexed arm hang (for girls)

(b) Bent knee sit ups

(c) Shuttle sum

(d) Standing board jump

(e) 50 yard dash

(f) 600 yard or 9 min run/walk

(a) Pull ups

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with his palms facing away from him. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given before the start of the test. Flexed Arm Hang (for girls)

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar, is taken as her score.

(b) Flexed leg sit ups :

Purpose : To measure abdominal strength and endurance.

Procedure : The youth is asked to lie on the floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of the knees should be around 90°. The feet are held by the partner, the youth puts hand behind the head with fingers interlocked. Then the youth curls up and touches the elbow to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 sec.

(c) Shuttle Run :

Purpose : To measure speed and agility Procedure : Two parallel lines are marked 30 feet apart and two wooden blocks 2× 2 × 4 inches are kept on one side of a marked line. The youth stands behind the line opposite to the line where wooden blocks are placed. At the start signal, youth runs towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it to the line from where the test started. The youth then runs and similarly lifts the other block and places it at the starting line. 

(d) Standing Broad Jump :

Purpose : To measure power Procedure : The youth is asked to stand behind the restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knee and swinging arm before jumping. The youth lands on both the feet together. The distance from take-off line to the heel is measured in inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

(e) 50 yard dash :

Purpose : To measure speed Procedure : The youth is asked to run 50 yards and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

(f) 600 yard run/walk :

Purpose : To measure endurance Procedure : The youth is asked to run/walk for 600 yards and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

The Pre-Competition Meal
The goal prior to a competition or a training session is to maximise carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver and to top up blood glucose stores. This helps in

• sustaining energy
• boosting
• performance
• hydrating the body
• preserving muscle mass and
• speeding recovery after competition.

“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”

The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

l.To increase the creativity.

m.To enhance the sports performance.

n.To protect existing facilities.

o.Provide new facilities to meet demand.

p.Helps in decision making.

Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its growth and development. They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body. These include vitamins and minerals. Since our body cannot produce vitamins and minerals, they are taken externally from different food products.

Micronutrients mainly comprise vitamins and minerals which are required in minute quantities. However, both macro nutrients as well as micro nutrients are essential. Micro nutrients are chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, sodium, copper, molybdenum and nickel.

Components of Diet (Nutrients)

A Fixture is a fixed schedule where day, date and time are mentioned for the participating teams or players. It is fixed on the basis of lots and it is important to see and check that previous years winner and runner-up teams are in different halves. It is decided beforehand whether the tournament will be knockout. league or combination and accordingly schedule is fixed. We call it as fixture of the tournament.  Knockout-cum-league fixture of 23 teams.  n = 23,  n in upper half = 12,  no. of Byes = 32 - 23 = 9  n in lower half = 11,  nb in upper half = 4  nb in lower half = 5  Till quarter finals, teams will play knockout matches after that teams which reached quarter will play league matches, to declare the true winner.  Cyclic league fixture: The teams which reached quarter finals are : 1, 5, 7 , 12, 13, 16, 21, 23. n = 8, Rounds = n - 1 = 7, Matches = 8(8-1)/2 = 28 Likewise as per the point system all the teams will get their ranking.  Win - 2 points, Draw - 1 point, Loss - 0 point  add the score of all the matches. The team with the maximum points will win.

The major asanas to control obesity are Vajrasana, Hastasana, Trikonasana and Ardha Matsyendrasana.

Factors affecting motor development

1. Nutrition: – Nutritious food promotes good motor development. Sensory motor development is dependent upon nutrition that the child gets to a great extent. Children get stronger and development is good if they get nutritious food.

2. Immunization: – If mother and child both are immunized at a proper time it leads to good sensory motor development.

3. Environment: – Encouragement, love and security help the child to take risk to explore fearlessly and to know more about environment which leads to a better sensory development.

Fixture of 7 teams in league tournament in cyclic methodnumber of matches = n(n-1)/2n = no. of teams = 7(7-1)/2= 7x6/2 = 42/2 = 21 matchesTotal no. of rounds = 7

Isokinetic exercises : This is a type of muscle contraction where both the tension and speed are prefixed throughout the range of motion. This process involves development of maximum tension in muscles which shortens at constant speed at all angles.

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

Question 
Draw the fixtures of 7 teams on knock-out basis.
Answer:
Total number of matches = N -1 = 7 -1 = 6

Number of teams in upper half
=N+1 / 2 = 7+1 / 2 = 8 / 2 = 4 teams
Number of teams in lower half
=N−1 / 2 = 7 − 1 / 2 = 6 / 2 =3 teams
Total number of byes = Next power of two – Total teams = 8 – 7 = 1 bye

Method of fixing byes: 
(a) On a plain sheet, write total number of teams participating. 
(b) Then lots are drawn. 
(c) First Bye shall be awarded to last team of the lower half. 

(d) IInd bye to the Is team of upper half. 

(e) IIIrd bye to the upper most team of lower half.

(f) IVth bye to the lower most team of upper half. 

(g) The rest are awarded in the same order.