Tournament is a large contest of many rounds among various teams. It is a competition held among various teams in a particular activity according to a fixed schedule where a winner is decided. 

Number of teams participating are 27.

Number of matches : n - 1 = 27 - 1 = 26 matches

Teams in upper half = n +1/2 = 27 + 1/2 = 28/2 = 14 teams

Teams in lower half = n - 1/2 = 27 - 1/2 = 26/2 = 13 teams

Number of teams participating are odd so number of byes will be = 32 - 27 = 5 byes. 

In Knockout system the team which loses the match is eliminated and the winners continue to play. When we have less time usually we conduct single elimination tournament. 

Date/time and court number, is specified for each match so that teams/players report for their matches well in advance.

League Tournament. In this type of tournament, each team plays with every other team once, if it is a single league tournament. If it is a double league tournament, each team plays with every other team twice. In these types of tournament, every team plays with every other team without any consideration of victory or defeat.
Fixtures of 6 teams: 
Total number of teams = 6
Total number of matches -(N-1) 6(6-1) =-2-=-2-
6(5) 30 -=- = 15 matches 2 2 .
Number of rounds = N - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5 rounds.
Fixtures I R II R IIIR IV R V R 16 CD/ 5 CDI /4 CDI/3 CDI12 CD 45 213 4 3 6 2 263 5 2 6 4 5 6 5 4, 3

AAPHER stands for American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation . Various AAHPER youth fitness test items included are as follows:

1)Pull-ups (Boys) / Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)

Pull-ups (Boys)

The bar is hung at a height where students can freely hang off the floor. With the overhand grip, the student should raise his body until his chin is over the bar and lower it again to the starting position with his arms fully extended. Swinging, Knee bend is not allowed. One point is scored each time the student completes a pull up.

Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)

The height of bar should be adjusted to the standing height of the subject. The student grasp the bar with overhand grip. She then raises her body off the floor with the help of assistant to a position where the chin is above the bar. Now the subject holds the ‘hang’ position as long as possible. The stop watch is started when subject assumes starting position and stopped when the chin touches the bar.

2) Flexed – Leg Sit – ups

The student lies flat on the back with knees bent and feet on the floor. The angle of knees is 90 degree. Fingers are interlocked behind the neck with elbows touching the floor. The feet are held by a partner. The student then curls up to a sitting position and touches the elbows to the knees. This exercise is repeated as many times as possible in 60 seconds (1 minute).

3) Shuttle Run

The student stands at one of the lines. On the signal ‘go’ he runs, takes the block one and returns to the starting line, and places the block behind that line, he then returns to the second block, which is carried across the starting line on the way back. Two trials are permitted.

4)Standing Long Jump

The student stands behind the take-off line with feet several inches apart. He then jumps forward by bending knees and swinging arms backward. Three trials are permitted. Measurement is from the closest heel mark to the take-off line.

5)50 yard Dash

After a short warm-up, the student takes a position behind the starting line. On signal ‘go’ the student runs across the finish line. One trial is permitted.

Interval Training Method It is a type of training that involves a series of low to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest of relief periods. The high-intensity periods are typically at or close to ahaerobic exercise, while the recovery periods involve activity of lower intensity.

- We have,
No. of Teams = 17 = N No. of Matches = N-1 = 16 Total no. of Byes = 2ⁿ – 17 = 32-17 = 15 = B Upper Half No. of Teams = (N+1)/2 = 9 No. of Byes = (B-1)/2 = 8

Lower Half No. of Teams = (N-1)/2 = 8 No. of Byes = (B+1)/2 = 9
1ST ROUND 2ND ROUND 3RD ROUND FINAL
1. A (BYE) 2. B (BYE) 3. C (BYE) 4. D (BYE) 5. E 6. F 7. G (BYE) 8. H (BYE) 9. I (BYE) 10. J (BYE) 11. K (BYE) 12. L (BYE) 13. M (BYE) 14. N (BYE) 15. O (BYE) 16. P (BYE) 17. Q (BYE)
E
A C
G
I
K
L
N P
C
K
G
P
C
P
P (WINNER)

The abnormal curve of spine at front is called Lordosis
Explanation:
Lordosis is the inward curvature of spine.It is an increased forward curve in the lumber region.It create problem in standing and walking.

Total teams= 17
no. of matches=no. of team -1 =17-1=16
matches no. of lower half teams= N-1/2= 17-1/2= 8
teams no. of teams in upper half= N+1/2= 17+1/2= 9
teams NO. OF BYES (Power of two)= 2×2×2×2×2= 32-17= 15
BYES no. of byes in upper half teams= 15-1/2= 7
byes no. of byes in lower half teams = 15+1/2= 8 b
yes now draw fixture upper half team 1 bye 2 bye 3 bye 4 5 6 bye 7 bye 8 bye 9 bye lower half team 10 bye 11 bye 12 bye 13 bye 14 bye 15 bye 16 bye 17 bye only the team which not have bye will play in first round and th fixture you can see on net or more help required

Diabetes
Diabetes is a better known lifestyle disease. It has become an epidemic worldwide. Yoga helps a lot to control and prevent this disease. Different asanas help to stimulate the production of insuline that helps in controlling diabetes. The asanas to control diabetes are

Bhujangasana
Procedure

• This is done in lying posture.
• Lie on the stomach and rest forehead on the floor.
• Keep the feet and toes together and touch the ground. Place the hands at shoulder level and palms on floor.
• Inhale and lift the head, chest, abdomen and keep the navel on the floor take five breaths at least.
• Exhale slowly come down to rest with hands below the head slowly.

Benefits

• It improves the blood circulation and energises the heart.
• It decreases menstrual irregularities in females.
• It strengthens muscles of chest, shoulders, arms and abdomen.
• It is effective in uterine disorder.
• It improves the function of reproductive organ.
• It improves the function of liver, kidney, pancreas and gall bladder.
• It helps to lose weight.
• It relieves menstrual discomfort and improves fertility.
• It reduces headache, anxiety, insomnia and sinusitis.
• It reduces abdominal fats and helps metabolism.

Contraindications

• Pregnant women should avoid this asana.
• Avoid those who are suffering from slip disc or sciatica problem and asthma.
• Ulcer patients also avoid this asana.

Contraindications

• Avoid during pregnancy.
• People having a hernia problem and backache should not do this asana.
• Avoid those who are suffering from ulcer, heart problem or any surgeries like spine and brain.

Paschimottanasana
Procedure

• This is done in sitting posture.
• Sit on the floor with the outstretched legs.
• Inhale and lengthen the abdomen then lift the chest.
• Exhale bend forwards from the hips. Keep the shoulders open and the head up.
• Reach forwards and hold the big toes in a lock with the middle and index fingers.
• Inhale, lengthen the torso, bring the sternum forward.
• Exhale, bring the chest and abdomen down to the thighs and the elbows out to the sides.
• Stay in this position for 5 deep breaths and relax the muscles while exhale.
• Focus on stretching the hamstrings rather than getting the head to the knees.

Benefits

• It stretches hamstrings, spine, shoulders and hip joints.
• It massages the pancreas and improves
• It relieves menstrual discomfort and improves fertility.
• It reduces headache, anxiety, insomnia and sinusitis.
• It reduces abdominal fats and helps metabolism.

Contraindications

• Pregnant women should avoid this asana.
• Avoid those who are suffering from slip disc or sciatica problem and asthma.
• Ulcer patients also avoid this asana.

Pawanmuktasana
Procedure

• This is done in lying position.
• Lie flat on the back and keep the legs, straight, relax breathe .deeply and regularly.
• Inhale slowly and lift the legs and bend in the knees. Bring upwards to the chest till the thigh touches to stomach.
• Hug the knees in place and lock the fingers.
• Place the nose tip between the knees.
• Exhale slowly and come back to the original position i,e. Shavasana.
• This is very beneficial for stomach as The results are very impressive.

Benefits

• It cures acidity, indigestion and constipation.
• It is helpful for those suffering from. gastrointestinal problems, arthritis, pain, heart problems and waist pain.
• It strengthens back muscle and cures back pain.
• It is very beneficial for reproductive organs and for menstruation disorder.

परिधि प्रशिक्षण की मुख्य विशेषताएँ (Main Characteristics of Circuit Training):

1. इस विधि में व्यायाम सीखना तथा उसको लागू करना आसान होता है।
2. इसमें व्यायाम मध्यम अवरोध तथा मध्यम भार के साथ किए जाते है।
3. इसमें संख्या की अधिक पुनरावृत्ति होती है।
4. इसका लक्ष्य सहनशीलता व शक्ति को बढ़ावा देना है।
5. इसमें शरीर के सभी अंगो के व्यायाम शमिल होते है।
6. इसमें खिलाड़ियों को तैयारी के समय मूल सहनशीलता व शक्ति बढ़ाने का अवसर प्राप्त होता है।
7. इसमें व्यायाम का दबाव धीरे- धीरे बढ़ाया जाता है।

The objectives are as follows : To provide chances for students to gain leadership skill, professional skills, qualification an even employment opportunity. To develop social qualities such as tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, group cohesion are developed among the participants during intramural tournament. 

The objectives of the Intramural Sports Program are to provide

• Opportunities for individual development through various activities.
• Opportunities for social contact and the development of lasting friendships.
• Leadership and fellowship opportunities through participation.

Different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events.The various committees are:

(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct or the Emmis. This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time keepers etc.

There are three major types of stress, viz. physical and environmental, psychological and social.

1. Physical and Environmental Stress:

Physical stresses are demands that change the state of our body. For example, disabilities, malnutrition, injury, etc.

Environmental stresses are aspects of our surroundings that are often unavoidable such as air-pollution, noise, crowding, heat, etc. They can also be catastrophic events or disasters such as fires, earthquakes or floods.

2. Psychological Stress Internal Sources of Stress:

(a) Frustation: Results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal. There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination, inter-personal hurt, low grades in school, etc.

(b) Conflict: It may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives. e.g., whether to study psychology or sociology.

(c) Pressure:• Social Pressures: It may be brought about from people who make excessive demands on us. This can cause even greater pressure when we have to work with them. Also, there are people with whom we face inter-personal difficulties, e.g., ego issues.

3. Social Stress:

It is induced from external factors and results from interaction with other people. Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, rapid social change, poverty, discrimination and lack of social support are examples of social stress. These social stresses vary widely from person to person. e.g., living in a colony where extremely heterogeneous socio-economic groups live together.

A price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for one unit of goods or services. A price is influenced by production costs, supply of the desired item, and demand for the product. A price may be determined by a monopolist or may be imposed on the firm by market conditions

Most of the time, it can. Biomechanical principles can be used to modify the technique for better performances, and reduce injury. The difficulty is always to make sure that the flair of the cricketer is retained; biomechanics is not used to create robotic movements, but just to enhance the performance.

Macronutrients mainly include carbohydrates, proteins and fats and also water which are required in large quantities and their main function being the release of energy in body. Macronutrients include Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

Administration of AAHPER motor Fitness Test:- The test is administered on school student of around 17 years of age. It includes.

(a) Pull up for boys

(b) Sit-up

(c) Shuttle run

(d) Standing long jump

(e) 50 mts. dash

(f) 600 Years run/walk

Detailed Answer :

AAPHERD stands for American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. In 1965, AAPHER led to the collection of wide ranging records or data and revision of the national norms. The following test items are included in this test battery.

(a) Pull-ups (for boys ) or flexed arm hangs (for girls).

(b) Sit ups to a maximum of 50 (for girls) and 100 for boys.

(c) Shuttle Run.

(d) Standing Broad Jump.

(e) 50 yard dash.

(f) Six hundred yard run/walk.

(g) Softball throw for distance.

In 1976, AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was again revised and the following changes were made :

(a) The softball throw test item was deleted. (b) Fixed number of straight leg sit ups test was changed to bent knee sit-ups performed in 60 seconds.

(c) 600 yard run/walk was made optional and the individuals could opt for their 600 yard run/walk or 9 minute run/walk or 1 mile (for ages 10-12) run/walk i.e., 12 minute run/walk (for ages 13 and above). After the revision of AAPHER Youth fitness test in 1976 or 1.5 mile run/walk, following items were finalized in this test battery.

(a) Pull ups (for boys) flexed arm hang (for girls)

(b) Bent knee sit ups

(c) Shuttle sum

(d) Standing board jump

(e) 50 yard dash

(f) 600 yard or 9 min run/walk

(a) Pull ups

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with his palms facing away from him. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given before the start of the test. Flexed Arm Hang (for girls)

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar, is taken as her score.

(b) Flexed leg sit ups :

Purpose : To measure abdominal strength and endurance.

Procedure : The youth is asked to lie on the floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of the knees should be around 90°. The feet are held by the partner, the youth puts hand behind the head with fingers interlocked. Then the youth curls up and touches the elbow to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 sec.

(c) Shuttle Run :

Purpose : To measure speed and agility Procedure : Two parallel lines are marked 30 feet apart and two wooden blocks 2× 2 × 4 inches are kept on one side of a marked line. The youth stands behind the line opposite to the line where wooden blocks are placed. At the start signal, youth runs towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it to the line from where the test started. The youth then runs and similarly lifts the other block and places it at the starting line. 

(d) Standing Broad Jump :

Purpose : To measure power Procedure : The youth is asked to stand behind the restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knee and swinging arm before jumping. The youth lands on both the feet together. The distance from take-off line to the heel is measured in inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

(e) 50 yard dash :

Purpose : To measure speed Procedure : The youth is asked to run 50 yards and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

(f) 600 yard run/walk :

Purpose : To measure endurance Procedure : The youth is asked to run/walk for 600 yards and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

Before drawing a fixture, two things are ensured, i.e. whether the number of teams participating is a power of two or not. If the number of teams is a power of two, byes are not given. In case the number of teams is not a power of two, then byes shall be given. For instance if the number of teams participating are 11, next higher power of two will be 16. So, the number of byes is 16 – 11 =5.