a) Biological or Genetic factors: Children are more susceptible of developing ODD if they have a parent with a history of ADHD or ODD.

b) Physical factors: the presence of ODD traits has been linked to the existence of abnormal amounts of some brain chemicals. These brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, keep the brain chemicals themselves balance properly.

c) Psychological factors: Children may develop ODD if they don’t have good relation with parents or have neglectful parents or have inability to develop social relationship.

d) Social factors: Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be due to inconsistent discipline, divorce, poverty, chaotic environment I the family and exposure to violence.

[i] Cognitive Disability
The nature of this disability is mental since cognitive domain is related to using mental abilities and achieving results from it.
It is related to impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour. Intellectual functioning means person’s ability to plan, comprehend and reason while adaptive behaviour refers to applying social and practical skills in everyday life. Children suffering from dyslexia, learning difficulties, speech disorders, problem in solving math calculations, short span of attention and short of memory are said to have cognitive disability.
Causes of cognitive disability are as follows

• Cognitive impairment may be present at birth and may be genetic or chromosomal or result from complications of pregnancy.
• Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome.
• Genetic abnormalities such as phenylketonuria, Hunter syndrome etc.
• Prenatal drug and infections and exposure to alcohol.
• Lack of oxygen during labour pain or birth.

[ii] Intellectual Disability
The nature of this disability is also mental since the intellectual domain is related to using the capacity of the mind. It is a disability characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour. This is characterised by low intelligence quotient score (under 70) and significant problems in the ways learners adapt to new situations. It is different from cognitive because cognitive is a broad concept while intellectual disability is specific in nature.
Causes of intellectual disability are as follows

1. Genetic Conditions These include things like Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
2. Problems during Pregnancy This can interfere with fetal brain development.
3. Alcohol or Drug Use may also cause intellectual disability.
4. Problems during Childbirth Like if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

Harrold M. barrow examined the general motor fitness of college men and declared the norms for grading the individual. The three test item included are:- 

(a) Zig-Zag Run 

(b) Standing broad jump. 

(c) Medicine ball throw 

(a) Zig-Zag Run: 

Purpose: To test power, speed, quickness and body control in multiple planes of movement. The test also assess lower extremity control. 

Equipment: Measuring tape, two stop watches, five cones 

Procedure: 

(i) Set up the path, which is 3 by 4.85 m and marked with coloured tape on the floor, and place cones in every corner. 

(ii) Subject stands behind starting line. On the signal "Ready go" the subject start running in zig-zag way. 

(iii) The subject runs one lap as fast as possible around the zig-zag path. 

(iv) If the subject does not round all cones in completing the one full lap. require him/her to rest and then Retest is done. 

(v) Record the time to perform one full lap around the path to the nearest tenth of 9 second. 

Scoring: Time taken to finish zig-zag run and as per the norms grading is done.

(b) Standing long/broad jump: 

Purpose: To measure explosive power of the legs. 

Equipment: Measuring tape, non-slipery floor, mat 

Procedure: 

(i) Stand behind marked starting line. 

(ii) Feet slightly apart

(iii) Swing your arms back and forth rthymically and bend the knees. 

(iv) The athlete takes off and lands using both feet, arm swing and bend knees provide forward drive. 

(v) The subject attempts to land as far as possible. 

(vi) Landing on both the feet without falling backwards. 

(vii) Three attempts are allowed 

Scoring: The measurement is taken from take offline to the nearest point of contact on the landing (Back of the heels). The best of three attempt is recorded and as per rating scale grading is done. 

(c) Medicine Ball throw test 

Purpose: To measure upper body strength and explosive power. 

Equipment: Medicine ball for Boys 3 kg and for girls 1 kg, measuring tape, safe place and an Assistant. 

Procedure: 

(i) Warm up thoroughly 

(ii) Stand with both feet behind a marked line 

(iii) Hold the ball overhead with two hands. 

(iv) Throw the ball as far as possible. 

(v) Take three attempts and record the best score. 

Scoring: Measure the distance covered by the subject and as per the norms grading is done. 

AAPHERD stands for American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. In 1965, AAPHER led to the collection of wide ranging records or data and revision of the national norms. The following test items are included in this test battery.

(a) Pull-ups (for boys ) or flexed arm hangs (for girls).

(b) Sit ups to a maximum of 50 (for girls) and 100 for boys.

(c) Shuttle Run.

(d) Standing Broad Jump.

(e) 50 yard dash.

(f) Six hundred yard run/walk.

(g) Softball throw for distance.

In 1976, AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was again revised and the following changes were made :

(a) The softball throw test item was deleted. (b) Fixed number of straight leg sit ups test was changed to bent knee sit-ups performed in 60 seconds.

(c) 600 yard run/walk was made optional and the individuals could opt for their 600 yard run/walk or 9 minute run/walk or 1 mile (for ages 10-12) run/walk i.e., 12 minute run/walk (for ages 13 and above). After the revision of AAPHER Youth fitness test in 1976 or 1.5 mile run/walk, following items were finalized in this test battery.

(a) Pull ups (for boys) flexed arm hang (for girls)

(b) Bent knee sit ups

(c) Shuttle sum

(d) Standing board jump

(e) 50 yard dash

(f) 600 yard or 9 min run/walk

(a) Pull ups

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with his palms facing away from him. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given before the start of the test. Flexed Arm Hang (for girls)

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar, is taken as her score.

(b) Flexed leg sit ups :

Purpose : To measure abdominal strength and endurance.

Procedure : The youth is asked to lie on the floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of the knees should be around 90°. The feet are held by the partner, the youth puts hand behind the head with fingers interlocked. Then the youth curls up and touches the elbow to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 sec.

(c) Shuttle Run :

Purpose : To measure speed and agility Procedure : Two parallel lines are marked 30 feet apart and two wooden blocks 2× 2 × 4 inches are kept on one side of a marked line. The youth stands behind the line opposite to the line where wooden blocks are placed. At the start signal, youth runs towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it to the line from where the test started. The youth then runs and similarly lifts the other block and places it at the starting line. 

(d) Standing Broad Jump :

Purpose : To measure power Procedure : The youth is asked to stand behind the restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knee and swinging arm before jumping. The youth lands on both the feet together. The distance from take-off line to the heel is measured in inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

(e) 50 yard dash :

Purpose : To measure speed Procedure : The youth is asked to run 50 yards and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

(f) 600 yard run/walk :

Purpose : To measure endurance Procedure : The youth is asked to run/walk for 600 yards and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

(d) All of the above

1. Healthy Sports Environment A healthy sports environment plays a vital role in motivating the sportsperson. Healthy sport environment consists of proper humidity and temperature, smooth and clean sports fields, good quality of sports equipment and other facilities. .
2.  Positive Attitude For proper motivation, the coaches should try to encourage positive attitude among sportspersons. Players must think positively.
3.  Cash Prizes, Certificates and Trophies These are good incentives to sportspersons. Governments offer cash prizes to sportspersons who win.

Micro Nutrients: As vitamins and minerals which are required in small quantities to ensure normal metabolism, growth and physical well-being.

Ans a.

1. Pre Activity medical check-up: To know about the disability, medical aid must be available for that disability at the time of exercise.
2. Previous experience: Previous experience of participation in the physical activities should be considered at the time of selection of sports activities.
3. Interest: Selected physical activities can be accessible if it is according to the interest of the person having a disability.
4. Capability: The selected physical activities must be according to the capability of the person with a disability.
5. Modified equipment: As per the capability of the person with disability equipment must be modified so they can be used easily.
6. Suitable Environment: At the time of play environment must be pleasant. All kinds of facilities must be available such as proper lightening, proper ground, proper marking etc.
7. Variety of Instruction: Instruction used during the exercise must be according to the nature of disability for example for the person with hearing impairment visual instructions should be used.
8. Modified Rules: Rules of the sports for the exercises must be modified according to the capability of the person with a disability.
9. Simple to complex: When preparing the activity schedule for a person with disability principle of simple to complex must be followed in starting we should take easy exercise then we should progressively increase
   the degree of blood.
10. Involvement of various body parts: Inactivity plan for a person with a disability the selection of activities should be in such a way that involvement of maximum body parts is done.
11. Extra care: Extra care should be taken to avoid any accident during the exercise.

“Sports injuries” are the types of injuries that occur during
participating in sports/ competition, training sessions or sports activities.
Causes of sport injuries:
1.Improper conditioning-Without proper conditioning it is but natural to get injured in sports.
2.Improper warming up-Due to improper warming up an athelet may get injury during training.
3.Lack of fitness-Fitness does not mean only physical fitness,but physiological and psychological fitness also.
4.Lack of sport facilities-Injuries are usually faced by sportspersons who lack proper sports facilities.

Prevention of sports injuries:
1.Balanced diet-It is also essential for the prevention of sports injuries because the lack of essential minerals and vitamins such as calcium,vitaminD ,Etc.
2.Proper knowledge of sports skills-It is beneficial for preventing sports injuries.
3.Proper sports facilities:Sports injuries can be prevented,if good quality of sports equipments and proper sports grounds are available for practice and competions.
4.Use of proper techniques:Using the proper tecniques of your sports may reduce the risk of getting injuries such as tendonitis and stress fractures.

The advantages of knock-out tournaments are

• Minimum number of officials are required in organising tournaments.
• Less number of matches are played, thus requiring less time to complete the tournaments.
• It helps in enhancing the standard of sports.

Sensory processing refers to the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into responses. For those with Sensory Processing Disorder, sensory information goes into the brain but does not get organized into appropriate responses. Those with SPD perceive and/or respond to sensory information differently than most other people. Unlike people who have impaired sight or hearing, those with Sensory Processing Disorder do detect the sensory information; however, the sensory information gets “mixed up” in their brain and therefore the responses are inappropriate in the context in which they find themselves.

ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a complex brain disorder that impacts approximately 11% of children and almost 5% of adults in the U.S.1 ADHD is a developmental impairment of the brain’s executive functions. People with ADHD have trouble with impulse-control, focusing, and organization.
Neuroscience, brain imaging, and clinical research tell us a few important things: ADHD is not a behavior disorder. ADHD is not a mental illness. ADHD is not a specific learning disability. ADHD is, instead, a developmental impairment of the brain’s self-management system. Both adults and children can be diagnosed with ADHD.

• Use a calm voice and be comfortable:
• Treat the person as an individual with talents and abilities