Rules of marriage:

(i) While sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage, daughters were viewed rather differently within this frame work. They had no claims to the resources of the household.

(ii) At the same time, marrying them into families outside the kin was considered desirable.

(iii) The belief of Kanyadan, the gift of a daughter in marriage was an important religious duty of the father.

(iv) The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra recognised as many as eight forms of marriage. Of these, the first four were considered as good while the remaining were condemned.

Rules of marriage:
(i) While sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage, daughters were viewed rather differently within this frame work. They had no claims to the resources of the household.
(ii) At the same time, marrying them into families outside the kin was considered desirable.
(iii) The belief of Kanyadan, the gift of a daughter in marriage was an important religious duty of the father.
(iv) The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra recognised as many as eight forms of marriage. Of these, the first four were considered as good while the remaining were condemned.

gautamiputra satkarni

chandragupta maurya

Its wrong answer

Chandragupta Maurya Pushyamitra Rudradaman

Rajagaha was the capital of magadha .The meaning of rajagha is house of the king .It was a fortified settlement located amongst hills.The capital was shifted to patliputra which commanded routes of communication along the ganga

Nothing

Jasper rings, ornaments , shells and copper mirror

I think rulers would have made arrangement for irrigation for the following reasons:
(i) To increase agricultural production.
(ii) Land revenue was the most important source of state income. Only good crops and enough agricultural production enables the farmers to pay land revenue in time.
(iii) In ancient times agriculture was main occupation and the farmers were most important working class of the society. And the whole economy of the kingdom depended on agriculture.

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1. The weights were usually made of a stone called chert and were generally cubical in shape with no markings.
2. These weights were used for regulating exchanges.
3.  The lower denominations of weight weere binary whereas higher denomination were in decimal with fractional weights.
4. The smaller weights were probably used for weighing jewellery and beads. Scale-pans of metal have also been found.

Archaeology is the study of past cultures. Archaeologists are interested in how people of the past lived, worked, traded with others, moved across the landscape, and what they believed. Understanding the past may help us better understand our own society and that of other cultures. Archaeology is the study of cultures that lived in the past. It is a subfield of anthropology, the study of human cultures. ... Archaeologists look for patterns in the artifacts they study that give them clues about how the people who made and used them lived.

Cunningham's Confusion were:

(i) Cunningham's main interest was in the archaeology of the Early Historic and later periods. Cunningham tried to place Harappan seals within the time-frame with

which he was familiar.

(ii) He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries CE to locate early

settlement.

(iii) Cunningham also collected, documented and translated inscriptions found during his surveys. When

he excavated sites he tended to recover artefacts that he thought had cultural value.

(iv) A site like Harappa which was not part of the itinerary of the Chinese pilgrims, did not fit very neatly within his framework of investigation. Cunningham did not realize how old Harappa artifacts were.

Some archaeologists say that Harappan society had no rulers and that everybody enjoyed equal status.

• Others feel there were no single ruler but

several.

• Under the guidance and supervision of the rulers, plans and layout of the city were

prepared.

Big buildings, Palaces, Forts, Tanks, Wells, Canals, granaries etc were constructed under the supervision of rulers.

• Roads, drains were also constructed and cleanliness was maintained under the overall supervision of ruler.

The ruler might have taken interest in

promoting the farmer to increase production and the craftsmen to promote different

handicrafts

• He maintained and controlled extra ordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts like Seals, Weight and bricks.

During foreign attack and natural disaster he

used to play an active role by providing security and food,

He used to issue common acceptable coins

or seals, weight and measurements.

The Harappan cities were generally divided into two main parts the raised area; known as the 'Citadel', and the lower town. The Citadel was more in height because the buildings in it were built on mud brick platforms. This area was separated from the lower town by a wall. The Citadel had within its fold important buildings like the Great Bath, the assembly hall, the granary and the workshops. The lower town, on the other hand had residential dwellings.

ii. The main streets of the Harappan cities were built

according to the grid pattern. They were built from north to south and from east to west.

iii. The houses built on the corners of streets were

rounded in order to allow the passage of carts. The main road in the city of Mohenjo-daro was 10.5 meters wide and 800 meters long.

iv. The house drains relayed all the waste water to the

drains built in streets.

v. The streets were so designed as to cross the main

road of the city at right angles, thus dividing the city into square or rectangular blocks.

Who were sufis. Khangahs and silsilas

Who was sufisim

It was widely suggested that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. A few Indus valley seals displayed swastika sign which were there in many religions, especially in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It was widely suggested that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. The earliest evidence for elements of Hinduism is before and during the early Harappan period. Phallic symbols close to the Hindu Shiva lingam was located in the Harappan ruins.

Who was sufisim

The early stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut were plain except for the stone railings, which resembled a bamboo or wooden fence, and the gateways which were richly carved and installed at the four cardinal points. Worshippers entered through the eastern gateway and walked around the mound in a clockwise direction keeping the mound on the right, imitating the sun’s course through the sky. Later, the mound of the stupas came to be elaborately carved with niches and sculptures as at Amaravati, and Shah-ji-ki-Dheri in Peshawar (Pakistan).

The sixth century BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history. It is an era associated with early states, cities, the growing use of iron, the development of coinage, etc. It also witnessed the growth of diverse systems of thought, including Buddhism and Jainism. The C 600 BC saw the religious and economic reform movement in the Gangetic basin. Numerous religious sects arose in this area in Sixth Century BC. We hear of as many as 62 religious sects. Many of these sects were based on regional customs and rituals practiced by different people.

Lokayatas are the materialists

Types of Warehouses : There are various types of warehouses :

1. Private Warehouses : These are the warehouses owned by the traders or producers. In these warehouses they keep their own products and do not allow anybody else to keep their goods. Hence they are called private warehouses.
2. Public Warehouses : These warehouses are owned by private companies and government agencies. These godowns are large size and used by all persons such as traders, farmers, exporters, importers and government agencies. These godowns are located in the commerical centres of big cities. Their main objective is to make earning by providing storing facilities.
Once the goods are stored in the godown, warehouse receipt is issued to the owner of goods. After making the payment of godown charges goods are returned.
3. Bonded Warehouses : These are public warehouses which are licensed by the Government to accept imported goods for storage before payment of customs duty by their importers. When the importer finds that he cannot conveniently make payment of customs duty on the goods imported by him, he can request the customs authorities for storage of goods in the bonded warehouse till the customs duty is paid.

(i). Francis Bhuchanan was a British physician who served in the medical services of the East India company.For a few years he was surgeon to the Governor-General of India, Lord Wellesley. (ii). In the early 19th century he travelled to the hills of Raj Mahal and recorded his experience of the area and the people. According to his description, the hills appeared impenetrable and dangerous. He found the people were hostile and apprehensive of outsiders. (iii). If we look at late 18th century revenue records, we learn that these help people were known as Paharias. They lived around the Rajmahal Hills, subsisting on forest produce and practicing shifting cultivation. They cleared the patches of forests by cutting bushes and burning the undergrowth. (iv). On these patches, enriched by the Potash from the ash, the Paharias grew a variety of pulses and millets for consumption. (v). They loosened the ground lightly with hoes, cultivated the cleared land for a few years, then left it fallow so that it could recover its fertility, and moved to a new area. (vi). From the forests they collected mahua (a flower) for food, silk cocoons and resin for sale, and wood for charcoal production. (vii).The undergrowth that spread like a mat below the trees and the patches of grass that covered the lands left fallow prpvided pasture for cattle. (viii). The record of Bhuchanan was written as a diary. It talked about a moment of time in his life. Hence, we need to look to other sources of history to fully understand the hill people.

In one sentence we can answer that the great bath was a rectangular structured pool where people come to take special religious bath.

The Great Bath—a rectangular structure which resembled a swimming pool—was an important structure at Mohenjodaro. It was a large complex with six entrances, a central bathing pool, dressing rooms on all sides and an adjacent well. Steps lead to the bottom of the pool from two sides. Water from an adjacent well was used to fill the pool with fresh water, and an outlet in the corner was used to drain dirty water. It was made up of baked bricks and was made watertight with a layer of bitumen or natural tar. The Great Bath was perhaps used by important people on special occasions.

The drainage system of harappa were:- (i) they were planned in such a way that they follow proper grid system. (ii) they were made along the wall of every house and are connected to the main drain at the end of the street. (iii) they were made up of the burnt bricks. (iv) they were closed by the gypsum or mortar slab so that could be cleaned at a regular interval of time.

Drainage system of Harappan cities-
(i) The drainage system was planned very carefully.
(ii) Road and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern intersecting at right angles.
(iii) Streets were laid out with drains and he drains were covered.
(iv) The houses were built along them. Domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains.
(v) The drains could be cleaned at regular intervals. The drains were made of burnt bricks

Features of teh Mahajanpads were:

• Mahajanpads were forms of early states which were formed after combining several 'janas'. In sixth century BCE ancient India, there were 16 mahajanpads. 
• While some mahajanpads had a monarchial form of governement ruled by the king, others were 'gana' or 'sanghas' or oligarchies. They were ruled by a group of people.
• Each mahajanpad had its own fortified capital city. The king lived in the capital.
• As mahajanpads developed, they built large standing armies and the system of bureaucracy to administer states.
• The king collected taxes from the people and spent the revenues on state administration and building of armies.

 (i) The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of Taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were disarmed and their forts destroyed.
 (ii) The British land revenue policy further undermined the position and authority of the taluqdars.
 (iii) The Summary Settlements proceeded to remove the taluqdars wherever possible.
 (iv) It was based on the assumption that the taluqdars were interlopers with permanent stakes in land.
 (v) The ties of loyalty and patronage that had bound the peasants to the taluqdars were disrupted.