Kabir had an important place in the poet-saints. His teachings are as follows:
(i)    He described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. He also used terms like aulakh (the unseen) and nirakar (the formless). These words.were drawn from Vedantic traditions.
(ii)    He repudiated idol-worship and polytheism.
(iii) He emphasised the Sufi concept of zikr and ishq (love) to express the Hindu practices of nam-simaran (remembrance of God’s name).
(iv)    He believed that God was one though his names are different.
(v)    He referred to God as formless.
(vi)    He stated that salvation can be attained through Bhakti.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his teachings : Baba Guru Nanak was born in 1469, at Nankana Sahib near the river Ravi. This place is now in Pakistan. He was bom in a Hindu family. He learnt Persian, Arabic, Hindi and Mathematics. Me travelled widely. He spent most of his time in the company of Sufi saints and Bhaktas. His main teachings are as follows :
(i) He advocated nirguna bhakti. He firmly repudiated and rejected the religious practices like sacrifices, ritual baths, idol worship and austerities.
(ii) He rejected the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.
(iii) He stated that the Almighty or rub had no gender or form.
(iv) He proposed that all his followers should connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine name.
In fact, Guru Nanak Dev expressed his ideas through hymns called “shabads”. He expressed all his views in Punjabi, the language of the region. He recited his “shabads” in various ragas.

 The site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. The northern end of the city touched the banks of the Tungabhadra. It was a rocky and hilly area. According to a local tradition, the kingdoms of Bali and Sugriva, mentioned in the Ramayana, existed in these hills. There is another tradition that Pampadevi, the local mother goddess, did penance in these hills in order to marry Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom. The marriage was annually celebrated in the Virupaksha temple. Besides there were Jaina temples in the pre-Vij ayanagara period. In other words, this area was associated with many sacred traditions. Hence it is called the Sacred Centre.

Chronology is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events". Chronology is a part of periodization.

Numismatics is the study of coins, including visual elements such as scripts and images, metallurgical analysis and the contexts in which they have been found.
The study of coins has helped the numismatists to reconstruct the possible commercial networks.

Epigraphy refrs to the study and interpretation inscriptions. It also include the study of ancient languages and scripts, which can be found in the form of inscriptions, scriptures and writings in various forms, like clay tablets, copper plates, palm leaves, etc. 

(i)Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement.
(ii)A very large number of painters set to work.
(iii)Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and his Majesty gives a reward.
(iv)Paintings served not only to enhance the beauty of a book, but were believed to possess special powers of communicating ideas about the kingdom and the power of kings in ways that the written medium could not.
(v)The historian Abu’l Fazl described painting as a ‘magical art’ in his view it had the power to make inanimate objects look as if they possessed life.

Population composition refers to the structure of the population. The composition of the population helps us know how many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are, what type of occupations they are employed in and what their income levels and health conditions are. An interesting way of studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-*** pyramid.

Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups.

(i)This is an important indicator of population composition, since a large size of population in the age group of 15- 59 indicates a large working population.
 

(ii)A greater proportion of population above 60 years represents an ageing population which requires more expenditure on health care facilities.

(iii)Similarly high proportion of young population would mean that the region has a high birth rate and the population is youthful.