Many Zamindaris were auctioned after the Permanent Settlement as the zamindars regularly failed to pay the revenue. Thus it was difficult for the ryots to pay their rents to the zamindars. This made the collection of rent impossible and thus the zamindars were not able to pay the revenue. Since the permanent settlement made Zamindars owners of land, peasants were left at their mercy. The Peasants had no right over land and could be kicked out any time. Zamindars got arbitrary powers to eject the cultivator and forfeit the agriculture stock for non-payment.

Permanent settlement also known as the permanent settlement of Bengal was an agreement between East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenue to be raised from land with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire british Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793 by the company adminstration.

Following were the main features of the Permanent Settlement: (a)The rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars. (b)They were responsible for collecting revenue from peasants and paying to the Company. (c)Revenue demand was permanently fixed.

The Arthasastra is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The Arthaśāstra is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Rudrapatna Shamasastry FRAS (1868–1944) was a Sanskrit scholar and librarian at the Oriental Research Institute Mysore. He re-discovered and published the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy.

The Indus River Valley Civilization, also known as Harappan civilization, developed the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm. Harappans created sculpture, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone. Harappa is known to be a 4700 years old city in the subcontinent which was discovered around the time 1920. Soon after the discovery of cities like Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan have also been discovered and were come to be known as the Harappan cities or also the advent of Harappan Civilization.

The main features of Mauryan administration were: There were five important political centres in the Mauryan Empire: Patliputra (the capital city) and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri. ... Communications along the land and riverine routes were developed to administer the Empire. The existence of a stable centralized government and the unity of the sub-continent made by the emperor resulted in a fairly advanced trade. The Indian economy was a settled agricultural region. As it was the backbone of the economy, land revenue was the major source of income from the government.

The main features of Mauryan administration were:

• There were five important political centres in the Mauryan Empire: Patliputra (the capital city) and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri.
• It was not possible for such a large empire to have a uniform administrative system so historians believe that the administrative control was perhaps strongest in the capital and in provincial centres.
• Communications along the land and riverine routes were developed to administer the Empire.
• The army was an important tool for not only extending the territories of the empire but also for administering them.
• Committees and sub-committees were formed for coordinating military activities. They looked after the navy, horses, chariots, elephants, recruiting soldiers and managing transport and food supplies for soldiers.
• Asoka held his Empire together by propagating the doctrine of Dhamma, whose principles were simple and universally applicable. The doctrine propagated the ideas of peace, non-violence and respect towards elders. Dhamma mahamattas were appointed to spread the principles of Dhamma.

The last feature of the Mauryan administration is evident in the Asokan inscriptions that we have studied. It is because Ashoka inscribed the main features of his policy of 'dhamma'. According to the inscriptions, he had also appointed Special officers called Dhamma Mahamtras to spread Dhamma. 

 It refers to a form of government where power is exercised by a group of men.

The Virupaksha temple:
i. The Virupaksha temple was an old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, the guardian deity.
ii. It was enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire.
iii. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession.
iv. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars.
v. Gopurams, royal gateways that often dwarfed the towers on the central shrines, and signaled the presence of the temple.

The Vitthala temple
(i) The principal deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu.
(ii) This temple has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a Chariot.
(iii) A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the Chariot Streets that extended from the temple Gopuram in a straight line.
(iv) These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.

V.S. Sukthankar was a most famous Sanskritist.
Under the sukthankar a team prepared a critical edition of the Mahabharata.
Collecting Sanskrit Manuscripts of the text. Written in a variety of scripts.
Ultimately they selected the verses that were common to most versions.
And published these in several volumes.

There are many causes that made Al-Biruni visit in India. These are:

• Al-Biruni arrived in Ghazni as a hostage by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. It was the place where he developed an interest for India.
• When the Punjab became a part of the Ghaznavid Empire, Al-Biruni travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.
• Al-Briuni spent years in the Company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit and studying religious and philosophical texts. He read the Vedas, the Puranas, the Bhagavad Gita, the works of Patanjali, the Manusmriti, etc to understand Indian society properly.

• In the 6th century BCE sixteen big kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas came into existence.
• Among these sixteen Mahajanapadas were-Magadha, Koshala, Vatsa and Avant whichwere the most powerful. .
• In the 5th century BCE, the powerful Mahajanapadas turned into powerful empires.

Kolkata

Kalighat is a locality of Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. One of the oldest neighbourhoods in South Kolkata, Kalighat is also densely populated — with a history of cultural intermingling with the various foreign incursions into the area over time.