In time Vijayanagar became the greatest empire of southern India. By serving as a barrier against invasion by the Muslim sultanates of the north, it fostered the reconstruction of Hindu life and administration after the disorders and disunities of the 12th and 13th centuries. Hampi is famous for its ruins belonging to the erstwhile medieval Hindu kingdom of Vijaynagar and it is declared a World Heritage site. The temples of Hampi, its monolithic sculptures and monuments, attract the traveler because of their excellent workmanship.

Ashoka's fame is largely due to his pillar and rock edicts, which allowed him to reach a wide audience and left a lasting historical record. He is remembered as a model ruler, controlling a vast and diverse Mauryan empire through peace and respect, with dharma at the centre of his ideology. The Sri Lankan tradition adds that during his 6th regnal year, Ashoka's son Mahinda became a Buddhist monk, and his daughter became a Buddhist nun. A story in Divyavadana attributes Ashoka's conversion to the Buddhist monk Samudra, who was an ex-merchant from Shravasti.

Agriculture was the main occupation of the Indus Valley people. Crops such as wheat, barley, peas and bananas were raised. In the olden days, there was enough rain in that region and occasional floods brought a great deal of fertile soil to the area. Apart from trade and industry, agriculture was the main occupation of the Indus people. The Indus people were a civilization that was built on the practice of trade with other civilizations of the day. Farmers brought food into the cities. City workers made such things as pots, beads and cotton cloth.

Brahmavarta

The Hindu religious text Manusmriti describes Brahmavarta as the region between the rivers Saraswati and Drishadwati in India. The text defines the area as the place where the "good" people are born, with "goodness" being dependent on location rather than behaviour. The name has been translated in various ways, including "holy land", "sacred land", "abode of gods" and "the scene of creation".

The precise location and size of the region has been the subject of academic uncertainty. Some scholars, such as the archaeologists Bridget and Raymond Allchin, believe the term Brahmavarta to be synonymous with the Aryavarta region.

Of all Vedic literature, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism. The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda". Veda of which the upanishads is a part, were compiled into four volumes by Veda Vyasa sometime after the Mahabharata war in the 5th millennium BCE as, with so many deaths, there was danger that this ancient wisdom would be lost in time.

(i)    Paintings of the Mughal period were beyond the lives of the laymen. That was deemed as only the thing of the court. Hence the royal families, natural scenes, wars, animal fights, hunting, royal processions, etc. were painted in the paintings of this period.
(ii)    There was no painting related to religious matters in Mughal paintings whereas there was an overflow of paintings on earthly and natural beauty.
(iii)    Special emphasis was laid on natural scenes in the paintings of the Mughal period. The natural and scenic beauty was portrayed in the background of every painting.
(iv)    Special emphasis was laid on the individual paintings of the Mughal rulers since the painters not only gained financially but also came in the good books of the ruling class. On gaining their pleasure, the painters got a place in the royal court.

(i) Chronicles commissioned by the Mughal emperors are an important source for studying the empire and its court. They were written in order to project a vision of an enlightened kingdom to all those who came under its umbrella. The authors of
Mughal chronicles focused on events-related to life of the ruler, their family, the court and nobles, wars and administrative
system.
(ii)These chronicles were written in Persian. This language flourished as a language of the court and of literary writings, alongside north Indian languages, especially Hindavi and its regional variants. As the Mughals were Chaghtai Turks by origin, Turkish was their mother tongue.
(iii)Chronicles narrating the events of a Mughal emperor’s reign contained, alongside the written text, images that described an event in visual form.
(iv)When scenes or themes in a book were to be given visual expression, the scribe left blank spaces on nearby pages; paintings, executed separately by artists, were inserted to accompany what was; described in words.

The nobility was the corps of officers which occupied an important pillar of the Mughal state. The nobility under Mughals was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups. It comprised Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs, Deccanis. They all were given positions in the empire and were rewarded purely on the basis of their service and loyalty to the king. Different groups and classes of people from all societies were privileged to kiss the imperial threshold and find employment.

This ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state. It prevented any large scale uprising or threat from within its administration. The nobility occupied the highest rank in the Mughal state. Thus, there was suspicion and a tendency that it might turn against the emperor if it was composed of homogenous groups.

The agency of state was held supreme and could not be surpassed by any other group. The officer corps of the Mughals was held together by loyalty to the emperor. They only accepted the authority of the emperor and took his commands.

Although from time to time, members of different groups gained importance and high ranks. In Akbar’s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were recruited. Iranians gained high offices under Jahangir. Aurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high positions. Along with them the Marathas also accounted for a sizeable number within the body of officers.

The emperor personally reviewed changes in rank, titles and official postings based on the service and loyalty to the king.

The examples:
 (i) The Sufis began to organise communities around the hospices or Khanqah controlled by a teaching master known as shaikh, pir or murshid.
(ii) Sufi silsilas began to crystallise in different parts of the Islamic world, it was through this channel that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees.

The mahanavami Dibba was the King's palace in Vijayanagara though there is no definite evidence. From the available source we can guess that it had very beautiful wooden structure with base of the platform was covered with relief carving

Chahar Chaman was the history of Shah Jahan's rule, written by Chandra Bhan Brahman. 

Meaning of Amara : Amara believed to be derived from the Sanskrit word Samara, meaning battle or war. It also resembles the Persian term amir, meaning a high noble.

East India Company recognised the importance and significance of zamindars but it also wanted to control, regulate and subdue their authority. To limit the authority of zamindars:

• The Company disbanded the troop organised by zamindars, custom duties were abolished and ‘cutcheries’ or local court organised by zamindars were brought under supervision of company.
• The company appointed collector and gave power to supervise these courts, over the period of time collectorate emerged as centre of authority.
• The power to organise local justice and the local police, was also abolished.
• The Permanent Settlement system was also limited, the power to the zamindars to collect rent from the ryot and manage their zamindari.
  So by these above steps, influence of zamindar was reduced by the company.