The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the US and Soviet Union. It never escalated into a hot war, i.e. a full-scale war between these two powers.

Harappan civilization developed the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures. Harappans created sculptures, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone. Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language. By 2600 BCE, the small Early Harappan communities had become large urban centers. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India.

Main items found in the graves of Harappans are: Pottery, ornaments, jewellery, shell rings, beads, etc. Copper mirrors have also been found in the graves. Main items found in the graves of Harappans are: Pottery, ornaments, jewellery, shell rings, beads, etc. Copper mirrors have also been found in the graves.

Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed, and mustard. They also developed some new tools known as plough and was used to dig earth for planting the seeds and turning the soil. A method of irrigation was used due to less rainfall. The Harappan reared cattle sheep, goat, and buffalo. The most remarkable feature of Harappan civilisation was its urbanisation. The Harappan places which were small towns, show an advanced sense of town planning. The major centres are Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Sutkagen-Dor, Dholavira, etc. Usually towns were laid out in a parallelogrammic form.

• According to popular belief, shalabhanjika was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. It is likely that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the decoration of the stupa.
• The shalabhanjika motif on most of the Buddhist sculptures suggests that many people who turned to Buddhism enriched it with their own pre-Buddhist and even non-Buddhist beliefs, practices and ideas.

In Vedic culture, everyone is considered to be born as Shudra. Then based on his or her education, one becomes a Brahmin, Kshatriya or Vaishya. ... Similarly, son of a Shudra or even a Dasyu, if he completes his education can become a Brahmin, Kshatriya or Vaishya. This is pure meritocracy. "The Shudra belongs to the fourth caste, which has one birth (only). And serves the higher (Castes). From them he shall seek to obtain his livelihood. He shall use their cast off shoes.

The Indus River Valley Civilization, also known as Harappan civilization, developed the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm. Harappans created sculpture, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone. By 2600 BCE, the small Early Harappan communities had become large urban centers. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. 

Between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, Magadha (in present-day Bihar) became the most powerful Mahajanapada. Modern historians explain this in a variety of ways.
(i) It was a region where agriculture was especially productive. 
(ii) Besides, iron mines (in present-day Jharkhand), were accessible and provided resources for tools and weapons.
(iii) Elephants, an important component of the army, were found in forest in the region.
(iv) Moreover, the Ganga and its tributaries provided a means of cheap and convenient communication.
(v) Early Buddhist and Jaina writers who wrote about Magadha attributed its power to the policies of a number of ruthlessly ambitious kings of whom Bimbisara, Ajatasattu and Mahapadma Nanda are the best known.

• Inscriptions usually refer to carved writings on historic stones and walls.
• They depict the time when early civilizations existed.
• They often describe the life of a ruler, his kingdom, his people, his architecture, etc.
• So, it would not be wrong to say that inscriptions open the door of history.
• They give us evidences of the early stages of civilization when kingdoms and empires were built.

Following examples can be cited to show the existence of social and economic variations : in the Harappan society:
(i)Study of burials is one example. In the Harappan sites, the deads were usually laid in pits. There were differences in the Way burial pits were made. At some instances, the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. But these may not be taken as an indication of social differences.
(ii)In some graves pottery and ornaments have been found. Jewellery has been found from the graves of men and women as well. These findings can point out social and economic differences. ‘
(iii)The artefacts have been classified into two categories, Utilitarian and Luxurious. Objects of daily uses and objects made of ordinary materials made of clay or stone come under utilitarian category. Ordinary articles consisted of querns, pottery, flesh-rubbers and needles. These have been found distributed throughout settlements.
(iv)Objects of luxuries were rare and made from precious, non-local materials. The technology used was advanced and complicated. Little pots of faience were considered precious. They were also not easy to make. These show the existence of social and economic variations in the Harappan society.

Two strategies adopted to identify social differences among the Harappans are:
1. Burials- How the death are buried, what artefacts are buried along with it does help in identifying social differences.
2. Luxury goods-  Archaeologists assume objects were luxuries if they are rare or made from costly, non-local materials or with complicated technologies. By the availability of it we can assume the existence of social differences. For example larger town like Harappa or Mohenjodaro have large

By 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned. However, one can see the various element of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures. Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC

For men wealth-Inheritance, Finding, Purchase, Conquest, Investment, work and acceptance of gifts from good people.
For women - what was given at the time of the marriage, Bridal procession, Token of affection she got from her brother, mother or father and she could also acquire husband.  

i) The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups. (ii) Nobility was composite one comprising Iranis, Afghans, Rajputs, Shaikhzdas, Deccanis on the basis of their service loyalty to the king. (iii) This ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state. The Mughal nobility came to comprise mainly the Central Asians (Tūrānīs), Iranians (Irānīs), Afghans, Indian Muslims of diverse subgroups, and Rajputs.

The Nayanars and Alvars were the Tamil poet-saints who played a key role in propagating the Bhakti Movement in Southern India during the 5th-10th Centuries. The Nayanars were a group of 63 saints devoted to Lord Shiva who lived during the 6th to 8th centuries CE. Similarity Both Lingayats and Nayanars protested against caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas. The Alvars were devotees of Vishnu, whereas the Nayanars were devotees of Shiva.

Sulh-i-Kul is an Arabic term literally meaning universal peace. Akbar had this policy during his reign. It described a peaceful and harmonious relationship among different religions. It formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious toleration. Sulh- i-kul was to become his method of judging what was legally right or wrong within his empire and was created because Akbar understood that he was trying to build political institutions for predominately non-Muslim society. ... In the civil courts Akbar abolished laws that discriminated against non-Muslims.

By the eleventh century, Sufism evolved into a well developed movement in the following ways: It developed a body of literature on Quranic studies and Sufi practices. The Sufis began to organise communities around the hospice or Khanqah and it was controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh, Pir or Murshid.

Rajeev Kinra's Writing Self, Writing Empire is a window into the life and writings of Chandar Bhan Brahman, a skilled Farsi poet and a munshi who served in the Mughal court under emperors Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

n reference to the article Nation mourns Sheikh Mubarak (February 25), Sheikh Mubarak was one of the architects of this country. He was a founder, along with the other founders of the union, and a man with a heart of gold. I've had the privilege, honour and blessing to have met this man. During my visit to Sheikh Nahyan's palace during my academic days to my own personal visits (years later) during Eid and other occasions, Sheikh Mubarak was an important part of the visits. His positive and kind welcoming of guests, even in his old age, was a testament to his love of country, its traditions and values. Even seeing him with Sheikh Nahyan in the middle of the city and greeting him, I saw how he was concerned for the common man. It was indeed humbling. We are indeed lucky to have his sons with us. Sheikh Mubarak was not only a sheikh of the Royal Family, he was a sheikh of the people, and he will be sorely missed. May Allah bless him. Mohamed al Junaibi, Dubai

The name Amara is a girl's name of Italian, Greek, African origin meaning "grace or bitter". Amara is the Italian word for bitter, from the same root as Mary and Miriam. It has separate roots in West Africa as a name that means “grace” in the Igbo language. Amara was the 193rd most popular girls name and 5737th most popular boys name. In 2018 there were 1,564 baby girls and only 15 baby boys named Amara. 1 out of every 1,180 baby girls and 1 out of every 128,591 baby boys born in 2018 are named Amara.