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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
Both acidic (carboxyl) as well as basic (amino) groups are present in the same molecule of amino acids. In aqueous solutions, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and the amino group can accept a proton, thus giving rise to a dipolar ion known as a zwitter ion.
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- Crystals have an orderly arrangement of their constituent particles. In comparison, amorphous solids have no such arrangement. Their particles are randomly organised.
- Crystals have a specific geometric shape with definite edges. Amorphous solids have no geometry in their shapes
- Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point on which they will definitely melt. An amorphous solid will have a range of temperature over which it will melt, but no definite temperature as such
- Crystals have a long order arrangement of their particles. This means the particles will show the same arrangement indefinitely. Amorphous solids have a short order arrangement. Their particles show a lot of variety in their arrangement.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
Solutions can be broadly categorized into two types:
Homogeneous solutions: Solutions with uniform composition and properties throughout the solution are known as homogenous solution. E.g. solution of salt or sugar in water, cough syrup, cup of coffee, Mouthwash, perfume are homogeneous mixture of chemicals and dyes, etc.
Homogenous solution of salt dissolved in water (left), a cup of coffee (right)
Heterogeneous solutions: Solutions with non-uniform composition and properties throughout the solution are known as heterogeneous solution. E.g. solution of water and sand, solution of oil and water, water and chalk powder, etc.
Posted by Aditi Sharma 5 years, 3 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 3 months ago
1) In gas masks:
Activated charcoal or a mixture of adsorbents is generally used in gas masks to adsorb poisonous and toxic gases from air.
These masks are commonly used by the miners because there are poisonous gases like CO, CH4 etc. in the atmosphere in the coal mines. Therefore, these masks help to purify the air for breathing.
2) In dyeing of cloth:
<center> </center>Mordants such as alums are used in dyeing of cloth.They adsorb the dye particles which, otherwise, do not stick to the cloth.
3) In Dehumidizers for control of humidity:
Silica and aluminium gels are commonly used to adsorb humidity or moisture from air.
4) Removal of colouring matter from solutions:
Many substances such sugar, juice and vegetable oils are coloured due to the presence of impurities.They can be decolourised by placing in contact with adsorbents like activated charcoal or fuller’s earth. This method is used in the manufacture of cane sugar.
5) Heterogeneous catalysis:
Adsorption of reactants on the solid surface of catalysts increases the rate of reaction. The metals such as Fe, Ni, Pt, Pd, etc, are used in the manufacturing process.
Manufacture of ammonia using iron as catalyst (Haber process), manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process and use of finely divided nickel in the hydrogenation of oils are excellent examples of heterogeneous catalysis.
6) In ion-exchange resins:
The organic polymers containing groups like – COOH,- SO3H and- NH2, etc. possess the property of selective adsorption of ions from solutions. These are quite useful in the softening of water.
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Methanol and ethanol are distinguished by a type of test known as Iodoform. When ethanol is warmed with iodine in the presence of NaOH, it forms a yellow colored precipitate but methanol do not react positively to Iodoform test.
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The mixing or merging of dissimilar orbitals of similar energies to form new orbitals is known as hybridization and the new orbitals formed are known as hybrid orbitals.
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Orbitals belonging to the same atom or ion having similar energies get hybridized.
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Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the no. of orbitals taking part in hybridization.
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The hybrid orbitals are always equivalent in energy and shape.
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The hybrid orbitals form more stable bond than the pure atom orbital.
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The reason hybridization takes place is to produce equivalent orbitals which give maximum symmetry.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago
- Mole fraction can be defined as the ratio of number of moles of the component in the solution to the total number of moles of all components in the solution.
- It is denoted by the alphabet x and subscript written on the right hand side of x denotes the component of which mole fraction is being calculated.
- Mathematically, Mole fraction of a component = Number of moles of the component/ total number of moles of all components

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Mishti ???? 5 years, 3 months ago
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