1) Coordination

2) Features of coordination

It integrates group efforts

It ensures unit of action

According to Maslow, an individual has many needs and their order can be determined. The moment an individual's first need, is satisfied, he gets worried about his next need. After the satisfaction of the second need, comes the third and this order continues till all his needs are satisfied. It is, therefore, clear that needs can be motivators. In order to satisfy needs an individual himself wants to work with vigour and full capacity.

Maslow has divided different human needs on the basis of priority into five parts which are shown in the following diagram:

Pyramid Representing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

(i) Physiological Needs: In this category, those needs are included which need to be satisfied to keep a man alive. These needs include food, shelter, clothing and sleep, etc.

(ii) Safety or Security Needs: After physiological needs are satisfied, a man thinks about his safety. Safety needs include physical and economic needs. Physical safety refers to defence against accidents, attacks, diseases and other unexpected problems. Economic Safety means safety of livelihood and arrangement for old age.

(iii) Affiliation or Social Needs: Man is a social animal and wants to live in society honourably. It is, therefore, necessary that he should have friends and relatives with whom he can share his joys and sorrows.

(iv) Esteem and Status Needs: These needs are called ego needs. This means every human being wants to attain a higher status so that his power increases and he gets authority.

(v) Self-actualisation Needs: Self-actualisation needs refer to the desire to maximise whatever potential an individual possesses. For example, a musician wants to be proficient in music. Similarly, a poet wants to be a specialist in his field.

Estimating manpower requirement: Staffing process begins with the estimation of manpower requirement which means finding out number and type of employees needed by the organisation in near future

Advantages of external sources of recruitment :
(i) Qualified personnel An organisation can attract highly qualified personnel through external sources.
(ii) Wider choice External sources create a large pool of candidates to choose from, for the organisation.
(iii) Fresh talent External sources helps to bring fresh talent or new blood into the organisation.
(iv) Competitive spirit New entrants and qualified freshers creates competitive spirit and helps to improve performance.

Span of control

Characteristics of Management

(i) Management is a Goal Oriented Process Organisation’S existence is based on objectives and management is the process which unites the efforts of
every individuals to achieve the goal.

(ii) Management is All Pervasive The use of management is not restricted, it is applicable in all organisations big or small, profit or non-profit making.

(iii) Management is Multidimensional it does not contain one activity. it is a complex activity including three main activities

(a) Management of house
(b) Management of people
(c) Management of operations

(iv) Management is a Continuous Process It is a never ending process. It consists of series of interrelated functions which performs continuously.

(v) Management is a Group Activity Organisation is a collection of many individuals, every individual contributes towards achieving the goal.

(vi) Management is an Intangible Force It cannot be seen or touched only it can be felt in the way the organisation functions.

A rule is an explicit statement that tells an employee what he or she can and cannot do. Rules are “do” and “don't” statements put into place to promote the safety of employees and the uniform treatment and behavior of employees. For example, rules about tardiness and absenteeism permit supervisors to make discipline decisions rapidly and with a high degree of fairness. Hence this plan is least flexible.

Planning is a continuous process because: (a) A plan is prepared for a particular period. Hence, there is need for a new plan after the expiry of that period. (b) In case of any discrepancy plans are to be revised. (c) In case of rapid changes in the business environment plans are to be revised. Continuous planning is an approach to planning where static annual or bi-annual plans are replaced with a continually updated plan, which is revised every time an internal or external event (such as a shift in priorities, an unexpected delay in a given program or a change in the business environment) occurs.

Planning is the function of management which is being discussed in the above lines.
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it. Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.

Informal Barriers or Distortions - Informal barriers are varied in form but generally impact on trade indirectly. They include technical and health regulations, government procurement and distribution policies, various government subsidies and financial aids, and transportation policies. There are four types of trade barriers that can be implemented by countries. They are Voluntary Export Restraints, Regulatory Barriers, Anti-Dumping Duties, and Subsidies.

Controlling involves comparison of actual performance with the planned performance. If there is any difference or deviation, then finding the reasons for such difference and taking corrective measures or action to stop those reasons so that they don‘t re-occur in future and that organizational objectives are fulfilled efficiently.

Yes most of the products have their range. Such as FMCG products, they really have a good range of size and quantity and also they come with good rate. For example- Milk, electronic appliances, home durable etc. Most products ranges have different color and taste. We can take a example of Cornflakes that gives many benefits such as it is best products for health conscious customers and it is easy to make breakfast for children.

TCS is the largest Indian company by market capitalization. TCS is now placed among the most valuable IT services brands worldwide. 

There are three levels of packaging.

A) Primary packaging- lt refers to the immediate packing of product. It remains with product till it is used. For eg. match box etc.

B)Secondary packaging- These are additional packings which gives more protection.Generally consumers thrown that when they start using the product. For example cardboard box used to keep toothpaste.

C)Transportation packaging-These are packagings used for storing for transporting the goods. This packaging gives protection to goods. for example corrugated boxes used to shift Ruffles lays, Kurkure etc.

Formal communication is one that passes through predefined channels of communication throughout the organization. On the contrary, Informal communication refers to the form of communication which flows in every direction, i.e. it moves freely in the organization. Formal communication refers to the flow of official information through proper, predefined channels and routes. The flow of information is controlled and needs deliberate effort to be properly communicated. Formal communication follows a hierarchical structure and chain of command.

Two main types of vertical structure exist, functional and divisional. The functional structure divides work and employees by specialization. It is a hierarchical, usually vertically integrated, structure. It emphasizes standardization in organization and processes for specialized employees in relatively narrow jobs.