(i) Describe the Product and specify its Contents: A label provides complete information regarding the product. It mainly includes ingredients of the product, its usage, caution in use, care to be taken while using it, date of manufacturing, batch number, etc.

(ii) Identification of the Product or Brand: It is easier to identify a particular product among many with the help of labelling. For example, you as consumer want to select CINTHOL SOAP. The task of finding the desired soap from heap of various branded soaps becomes easier with the help of labelling.

(iii) Grading of Product: When a product has different qualities, labelling helps to find out which pack contains what type of quality. For example, Hindustan Unilever Ltd., manufactures three types of tea and to differentiate the each type of tea, the company uses Green, Red and Yellow coloured labels.

(iv) Help of Promotion of Products: The Fourth function of labelling is to promote sales. Sometimes a consumer gets encouraged to buy a product simply due to attractive label. Now-a-days labelling is used as an effective sales promoting tool.

The elements of delegation are as follows (i) Authority It refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates and to take action within the scope of his position. The concept of authority arises from the established scalar chain, which links the various job positions and levels of an organisation. It must be noted that authority is restricted by laws and the rules and regulations of the organizations. Authority flows downward. (ii) Responsibility Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. It arises from a superior-subordinate relationship because the subordinate is bound to perform the duty assigned to him by his superior. Responsibility flows upward. (iii) Accountability Accountability implies being answerable for the final outcome. Once authority has been delegated and responsibility accepted, one cannot deny accountability It cannot be delegated and flows upwards i.e., a subordinate will be accountable to a superior for satisfactory performance of work.

Any five characteristics of management are:

1. Management is a goal oriented process as it leads to achievement 

of common goals. 

2. Management is pervasive in nature and has a universal phenomenon. 

3. Management is a multi-dimensional as it is required to manage work, people and operations,

4. Management is a continuous process because it is performed continuously in the organisation.

5. Management is a dynamic function as it keeps on changing according to the changes taking place in the environment.

The possible causes for decline in production are-

1.There may be some defect in machinery by which the components are produced.

2. Employees are not performing efficiently.

3. Sometimes employees may become lethargic.

The company can take the following steps to achieve the desired targets-

1. Company can replace the machinery or get repaired, if fault is in machine.

2. If employees are not performing efficiently, the company can give training to employees.

3. If employees are becoming lethargic,the company needs to keep a close supervision on their employees.

The possible causes of the decline in production are-

1)- there may be some defect in machinery.

2)- employees are not performing efficiently.

3)- sometimes employee may become lethargic

Company can take following steps to overcome these problems-

1)- company can replace defected machine with new one or get it repaired.

2)- if employees are not performing efficiently, the company should give adequate training to their employees.

3)- a company should keep close supervision upon employees so that they don't act in a lethargic way

The marketing concept as a business philosophy is traced from its origins as a business belief where efficient production was the emphasis to the current belief which emphasizes customer needs as a means of long-run business success. The concept has evolved in a progressive fashion over the last century. There are four stages in the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Life Cycle: Firms' products progress through the stages of development, which is indicated by their changing profits over time.

“Product mix” means the total number of products and items that a particular marketer offers to the market.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PRODUCT MIX ARE

1. Branding
2. Packaging
3. Labeling

 Measurement of Actual Performance
Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. Performance should be measured in an objective and reliable manner. Some of the techniques used for measuring the performance are personal observation, sample checking performance reports etc.

Management comprises of three dimensions, viz:

(i) Management of work It is concerned with performance of tasks in an organisation.
(ii) Management of people It implies dealing with employees as individuals and dealing with individuals as a group.
(iii) Management of operations It is interlinked with both management of work and management of people.

Consumer rights became law in 1972 during President Kennedy's term in office. There are dozens of advocacy groups and organizations to help consumers who feel they've been taken advantage. However, each consumer has several responsibilities of his own to ensure the rights outlined in America's Bill of Consumer Rights.

While consumers have the right to be informed, they must also inform themselves to the best of their abilities about product and service knowledge. Whether you are purchasing equipment for your home or receiving treatment at a hospital, you need to know what other comparable products are on the market. With this information you have a chance to choose the best product and service for your needs.

Delegation refers to the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate. Delegation involves granting of authority to subordinates with a view to make them perform the assign duties.

Yes, directing is the heart of management process. It means guiding, inspiring and supervising the people to work for the betterment of the organisation.
Importance of directing :
1.Initiates Action
Directing is the execution function of converting plans into action. While the other functions prepare a setting for action, it initiates action in the organisation for the achievement of predetermined goals.
2. Integrates Employees Efforts
Directing helps a manager to integrate individual efforts towards the achievement of organisational goals. It ensures that all individuals work for the benefit of the organisation, by establishing harmony between organisational and personal goals.
3. Provides Leadership
Effective directing provides motivation and leadership to the employees, which helps them to identify their potentials and realise their latent capabilities, leading to growth.
4. Introduces Changes
Changes in an organisation are usually resisted by employees. Through effective direction, a manager can explain the purpose and benefit of such changes to the employees. Various incentives may also be offered to motivate them and accept the changes whole heartedly.
5. Provides Stability
Effective directing helps to develop co-operation and commitment on part of subordinates. This provides stability to the organisation and helps to achieve balance among various groups, activities and departments.

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Objectives of Management Objectives can be classified into organisational, social or personal
(i) Organisational Objectives
(a) Survival It exists for a long time in the competition market.
(b) Profit It provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operations.
(c) Growth Success of an organisation is measured by growth and expansion of activities.
(ii) Social Objectives Involves creation of benefit for society.
(iii) Personal Objectives Objectives of employees like good salary, promotion, social recognition, healthy working conditions.

1. Gathering and Analysing Market Information: One of the important functions of marketing is to gather and analyse market information. It helps to identify the needs of the customers and take various decisions for the successful marketing of the products and services. It also helps to analyse various opportunities and threats as well as strengths and weaknesses of the organization.

2. Marketing Planning: Another important activity of a marketer is to develop suitable marketing plans so that the marketing objectives of the organisation can be achieved.

Internal limitations of planning are:

• Planning leads to rigidity Once the plans are made it is difficult to change them.
• Planing does not work in dynamic environment Business environment is constantly changing. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.
• Planning reduces creativity Planning in done by top management. Middle level management merely follow the plans and are not permitted to act on their own. Thus, initiative and creativity gets lost in the process.
• Planning involves huge costs A lot of expenditure in the form of research, meetings, etc is incurred.
• Planning is a time consuming process Sometimes a lot of time is taken in drawing up plans and hardly any time is left for its implementation.
• Planning does not guarantee success Mere making of plans and not implementing them in their true sense, makes the plans useless.

External limitations of planning are:

• Unforeseen events Natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, etc are beyond the control of managers, that cause failure of plans.
•  Political outlook Political outlook towards industries and their intervention also affects the company’s plans.
• Environmental changes Changes in social, economic, legal and technological environment may affects forecasting and planning.
• Competitors’ strategy Sometimes, a change in the strategy of competitors may lead to failure of planning.

The selling concept is being followed since the company has appointed 30 trained salesman for distribution of the machines across the country they offered incentives and awards to salesman for achieving their sales targets. Since the focus is on regressive selling for profit maximisation motive, the selling concept philosophy is being discussed here.

Qualities of a Good Salesman: A good salesman should posses the following qualities:

1. Physical Qualities: A salesman can be called a good salesman if he possesses healthy physique and attractive personality. Physical fitness is the greatest asset of a salesman. Physical qualities include personality, stamina, health and tolerance and Personality includes Good appearance, pleasing voice etc.
2. Mental Qualities: A good salesman should have a high degree of intelligence and imagination. He should understand the customers quickly and read his mind. Other qualities-mental alertness, sharp memory, initiative, imagination and self-confidence.
3. Social Qualities: Since a salesman has to deal with persons living in the society, so he must also possess social qualities. These mainly include: Sociability, tact, sound character, sweet nature, etc.
4. Vocational Qualities: Qualities which are directly concerned with the functioning of a salesman are known as vocational qualities. It includes mainly: knowledge of product, knowledge of competitive products, training and aptitude. He must have extensive knowledge with regard to the manufacturing process of his product, method of its use, its advantages, etc. 
5. Good Communication Skill: A good salesman should possess a controlled voice and a good command over the language. He should be clear of what to be communicated.