Coordination is a continuous process by which a manager integrates the inter-related activities of different departments in order to achieve the common organisational goals.

Objectives of Management Objectives can be classified into organisational, social or personal
(i) Organisational Objectives
(a) Survival It exists for a long time in the competition market.
(b) Profit It provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operations.
(c) Growth Success of an organisation is measured by growth and expansion of activities.
(ii) Social Objectives Involves creation of benefit for society.
(iii) Personal Objectives Objectives of employees like good salary, promotion, social recognition, healthy working conditions.

Depository is an institution or organisation, which holds securities (e.g. shares, debentures, bonds, etc) in electronic form, in which trading is done.
Depositories provide following services:
(i) Maintain records of shareholding in electronic form.
(ii) Enable deposit and withdrawal of securities to and from the depository through the process of dematerialisation and rematerialisation.
(iii) Effect the transfer of securities traded in the depository mode on a stock exchange.

Packaging refers to the process of designing the product’s package such as container, wrapper, etc.
Functions of Packaging :

1. Product Identification                                                                                                      The package of a product helps the customer to easily identify the product in the market, e.g. Red Label tea in a red colour packing, Taj Mahal tea in blue box pack, etc.
2. Product Protection                                                                                                           The package of a product protects it from spoilage, breakage, pilferage, leakage, damage, etc. e.g. oil in plastic bottles.
3. Facilitating use of the Product                                                                                         The package of a product helps the consumer to open, handle and use the product more conveniently, e.g. toothpaste tubes, handwash soap dispenser, etc.
4. Product Promotion                                                                                                            An attractive package attracts the attention of people and at the same time, provides detailed information about the product, e.g. ferrero rocher chocolates.

The fine purple and gold packaging is meant to portray the rich and creamy taste of Cadbury chocolate.

Nature of Management:

• Universal Process: Wherever there exists human pursuit, there exists management. Without effective management, the intentions of the organisation cannot be accomplished.
• The factor of Production: Equipped and experienced managers are necessary for the utilisation of funds and labour.
• Goal-Oriented: The most significant aim of all management pursuit is to achieve the purposes of a firm. The aims must be practical and reachable.
• Supreme in Thought and Action: Managers set achievable goals and then direct execution on all aspects to achieve them. For this, they need complete assistance from middle and lower degrees of management.
• The system of authority: Well-defined principles of regulation, the regulation of proper power and efficiency at all degrees of decision-making. This is important so that each self must perform what is required from him or her and to whom he must report.
• Profession: Managers require to control managerial expertise and education, and have to adhere to a verified law of demeanour and stay informed of their human and social responsibilities.
• Process: The management method incorporates a range of activities or services directed towards an object.

Significance of Management:

• Achieving Group Goals: Management encourages collaboration and coordination amongst workers. A general control must be provided to the organisational and personal objectives in order to favourably accomplish the aims.
• Increases Efficiency: Management improves productivity by managing resources in a reliable conceivable way in order to decrease cost upscale potency.
• Creates Dynamic organisation: Management undertakes the conditions by assuring that these variations are well accepted privately and that objection to change is controlled.
• Achieving personal objectives: Management promotes leadership and furnishes motivation to the employees to operate effectively in order to accomplish their personal aims while working towards the organisational goals.
• Development of Society: Management helps in the enhancement of community by manufacturing reliable quality commodities, establishing employment chances and fostering innovative technologies.

Principles of management are broad and general guidelines for managerial decision making and behavior (i.e. they guide the practice of management).

Nature of Principles of Management

The nature of principles of management can be described in the following points:

1. Universal applicability i.e. they can be applied in all types of organizations, business as well as non-business, small as well as large enterprises.

2. General Guidelines: They are general guidelines to action and decision making however they do not provide readymade solutions as the business environment is ever changing or dynamic.

3. Formed by practice and experimentation: They are developed after thorough research work on the basis of experiences of managers.

4. Flexible: Which can be adapted and modified by the practicing managers as per the demands of the situations as they are man-made principles.

5. Mainly Behavioural: Since the principles aim at influencing complex human behaviour they are behavioural in nature.

6. Cause and Effect relationship: They intend to establish relationship between cause & effect so that they can be used in similar situations.

7. Contingent: Their applicability depends upon the prevailing situation at a particular point of time. According to Terry, “Management principles are ‘capsules’ of selected management wisdom to be used carefully and discretely”.

Management is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the enterprise resources efficiently and effectively for achieving the goals of the organisation.

Which of the following is not an element of delegation?(a) Accountability(b) Authority(c) Responsibility(d) Informal organisation

Answer:Informal Organisation

Explanation: Informal Organisation is not an element of delegation.

Delegation means designating or transferring of authority to subordinates or another person. For example assigning of work by a manager to a subordinate to execute certain activities. It is the most important concept of management leadership.

The person who assigns the work is held accountable for the result of the delegated work. Delegation provides decisions making power to the subordinate . For example shifting of authority for making decision from one level to a lower one in the organisation.

Delegation  has three major elements such as authority, accountability and responsibility .

The term informal organisation means relationship which arises in an organisation because of informal communication among the employees . These are informal communication in nature. Unlike delegation it does not  involve any formal communication.

Chocs Ahoy.
Cheeky Chocolates.
Sugar and Smiles.
Terrific Treats.
Milky Goodness.
Chunks of Heaven.
My Chocolate Life.
Bars of Bliss
choco Decker
Tirppy Terk
Duo bar
Ever -Chocolate & more.
Orre lick
white wrapper
Angelbar
Zipkid
Square pix
surfberry
Crunch Creation
Supreme Surf
GlueBite
walt wrapper

Marketing is called a social process due to its concern for the long-term welfare of society. Apart from the customer satisfaction, it pays attention to the social, ethical and ecological aspects of marketing. 

(a) Economic environment 
(b) Social environment 

It means keeping focus on some key areas (KRAs) and if there is any deviation in these key areas, and then it must be attended urgently. Key areas are those which have impact on whole organisation. For example, if there is increase in production cost by Rs 5, per unit and there is increase in postal cost by Rs 20, then more focus should be to find out reasons for increase in cost of production as it will affect the profit and future revenue of organisation whereas postal cost is incurred rarely and managers have no control over postal cost.

 Lower Level Management or Supervisory Level (consists of supervisors, foremen and superintendents).
Functions performed at operational/supervisory level are:
(a) They interact with the actual workforce and pass on instructions of the middle management.
(b) Maintains discipline among workers.
(c) Ensures quality output, minimum wastage and safety standards.

This theory was given by Abraham-Maslow. It is based on human needs. Maslow has explained his theory as a hierarchy of five needs which are depicted and explained below:

1. Basic Physiological Needs
   These are the basic needs, which a person is required to satisfy in order to survive. Hunger, thirst, shelter, sleep are some of the examples of these needs. In an organisation, basic salary helps to satisfy these needs.
2. Safety/Security Needs
   These needs are concerned with physical, economic and social security, in the form of job security, stability of income, etc.
3. Affiliation/Belongingness/Social Needs
   These needs are concerned with affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship. It is fulfilled when employees have cordial relations with colleagues.
4. Esteem Needs
   These needs include factors such as self-respect, status and recognition. When these needs are fulfilled through job title, it enhances self-confidence and prestige of employees.
5. Self-actualization Needs
   It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It arises after the satisfaction of all previously discussed needs. These needs include growth, self-fulfillment and achievement of goals.

This theory was given by Abraham-Maslow. It is based on human needs. Maslow has explained his theory as a hierarchy of five needs which are depicted and explained below:

1. Basic Physiological Needs
   These are the basic needs, which a person is required to satisfy in order to survive. Hunger, thirst, shelter, sleep are some of the examples of these needs. In an organisation, basic salary helps to satisfy these needs.
2. Safety/Security Needs
   These needs are concerned with physical, economic and social security, in the form of job security, stability of income, etc.
3. Affiliation/Belongingness/Social Needs
   These needs are concerned with affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship. It is fulfilled when employees have cordial relations with colleagues.
4. Esteem Needs
   These needs include factors such as self-respect, status and recognition. When these needs are fulfilled through job title, it enhances self-confidence and prestige of employees.
5. Self-actualization Needs
   It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It arises after the satisfaction of all previously discussed needs. These needs include growth, self-fulfillment and achievement of goals.

With time, manufacturers have looked into three aspects of packaging, viz. weight and thickness of the packaging material, the effect on the environment of the packaging material and the cost of packaging.
As transportation cost goes up, manufacturers are making the weight of packed material lower per unit, hence cardboard cartons are replacing wooden crates. One other reason is cardboard boxes are made from waste or recycled paper; on the other hand, trees have to be felled for making wooden crates.
Tetra packs are not breakable like glass, they are also an aseptic form of packaging that can store milk for longer periods of time without getting spoilt. Vending machines store plenty of milk, which can cater to a lot of people; installation of these machines has also removed the packaging cost altogether.
Plastic doors and windows are lighter and last long, unlike wooden ones which get spoilt due to sun and rain. Use of plastic for making doors and windows also does away with wanton felling of trees for wood.
Cardboard is made from recycled paper and extensive use of this material for packaging helps save use of other non bio-degradable material; compared to heavier material like wood or metal, cardboard is a lot lighter.
Pyramid packaging replacing square or rectangular shaped packaging helps in storing more packages in any given space.
Customers today are asked to pay the cost of plastic carry bags to dissuade them from using such bags which affect the environment as they are not bio-degradable. 
Earlier brown paper bags were used as packaging material. To make things attractive plastic bags were introduced. But, as civilisation became conscious of the ill effects of plastic, items like cloth was introduced for packaging or carrying material.
Advertisers use packaging very intelligently and aesthetically, so that the product attracts the attention of prospective customers over other products in the same category. The packaging material, the written words, the shape and size etc are all micromanaged at the time of launching a new product.