All citizens may be granted equal rights but all may not be able to equally exercise them due to following factors:

• Socio-economic inequality that prevents equality of opportunity.
• Lack of accessibility to legal remedies
• Lack of awareness of rights.
• Corruption in the government apparatus that prevents the delivery of services covered under these rights.

Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.

The following points through the light that why we need rights in a democracy:-
1. It will help to create necessary changes that will make our government run in a better way.
2. It is a very important part for the very sustenance of a democracy. Without rights, democracy in a country becomes ineffective and meaningless.
3. It safeguards minorities from the tyranny of majorities.
4. For democracy to exist, rights are very necessary. Each countryman has the right to participate in the democratic process.
5. It helps to maintain law and order when some citizens try to take away the rights of others.
6. It enables us to speak for ourselves and what we desire from our government. Also, it helps us in to choose a better leader to run the government.
7. People can live dignified life if there are rights in the democracy.
8. In lieu of democratic elections, citizens should have the right to express their thoughts, enable to form political parties and can take part in political activities.

A constitution is called 'flexible' if it is open to changes. and it is called rigid if it is resistant to changes. since our constitution nakers were aware of the changes which will come in the course of time, so they included the process of amendment. 

there are 3 processes of amendment:

a. simple majority 

b. special majority (Article 368)

c. special majority alongwith ratification by half of state legislatures (Article368)

a. Simple Majority: 

To bring a change in law or a new law, it requires a simple majority of members present and voting in parliament, that is, of more than 50% . 

if 120 members are present in parliament , then support of 120/2=60+1=61 members is required to pass the law.

these are not constitutional amendments. and these include formation of new states, altering the area of states . 

b.  special majority (Article 368) 

when constitution has to be amended, there is a need of special majority. it is the majority of total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting in the parliament.  both houses must pass the bill in the same manner. 

lok sabha has 545 members ,so it requires support of 545/2 = 273 members to support the bill. and if 300 members were present at the time of voting, then it requires  273 members. 

so the basic thing behind amendment is that it has to take opposition parties into confidence.

c.  special majority + ratification by half of state legislatures(article 368)

In some cases, even special majority by parliament is not sufficient. It requires the assent of half of the state legislatures.  this is when the distribution of powers between state and centre is concerned. So when, federal issues are concerned assent of state is required. And as we have read in chapter federalism that states are not completely at the mercy of centre.  to amend the fundamental rights we require special majority plus ratification by half of state legislatures.  

in other areas also , third method of amendment is required:

a. to amend election of president

b. to amend supreme court and high court powers

and many others. 

in case of constitutional amendment(that is second and third method), all bills go to the president but here the president cannot send it back for reconsideration. and in this case an important principle has been underlined that only elected representatives have the authority to bring about amendment to the constitution. therefore, sovereignty of elected representatives is the basis of amendment procedure. 

Factors leading to rise of nationalism in India:

1. In India the feeling of nationalism is associated with anti colonial movement . In the process of their struggle against the colonial yoke people began to discover their own identity of belonging to one nation.
2. A variety of cultural processes, history, symbols, also played an important part in inculcating a sense of identity.
3. Identity of India came to be associated with Bharat Mata, with songs like Vande Matram and then our national anthem, also with our tri- color flag.
4. Umbrella Organization like Congress which led the nationalist struggle brought every section of Indian society under its fold. Nationalist Movement as led by Mahatma Gandhi who brought the people of country together into organized movements of mass struggle.
5. Through writings on Indian history that glorified India's past, its legacy and instilled a sense of pride and achievement in people.
6. British policy of racial discrimination, of divide and rule , instilled a feeling of nationalism among the people, which encouraged them to fight against the foreign domination.

7. Acts like Rowlatt act, salt tax, jallianwala bagh tragedy, compelled people to fight against the colonial regime, to organize mass movements.

(i) There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels.
(ii) Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens.
(iii) Powers and functions of each tier of government is specified and guaranteed by Constitution.
(iv) The Supreme Court has been given power to settle disputes between federal governments.
(v) Fundamental provisions of Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of government. It applies to India also.
(vi) Sources of revenue between different levels is specified by Constitution.
(vii) There is mutual trust and agreement between the government at different levels.

Nationalism is a modern movement. Throughout history people have been attached to their native soil, to the traditions of their parents, and to established territorial authorities; but it was not until the end of the 18th century that nationalism began to be a generally recognized sentiment molding public and private life and one of the great, if not the greatest, single determining factors of modern history.

The two political rights experienced by citizen are:
(i)Right to Vote : Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government formation of the country. Criminals, bankrupts, lunatics and aliens are not given the right to vote. In most of the modern state, every adult person- man or woman is given the right to vote.
(ii)Right to Contest Elections : Every voter is entitled  to be elected to the local bodies and states or central legislature. Certain states sometimes impose certain restrictions regarding age, education etc. of the contestant for being elected to the legislative bodies. This right is given equally to all the citizens of the state.