Go through the PREAMBLE

It is true that the intervention of state in some religious matter is justified.But in most cases, the state can't prohibit a person from worshipping God due to this secularism. A Hindu can't be turn into a Muslim and vice versa without his/her consent. There are many instances which proves that the intervention of state in some religious matter was justified. For example:- Banning of Sati Pratha (widow immolation), Bigamy, Polygamy etc. These things can't be done in name of religion. Recently, the Supreme Court was involved in the case of Ram Mandir and the decision went to the favour of Ram Mandir. Thus, at some instances the intervention of state is necessary.

A

Ganesh vashudev मावलंकर

1. Western philosophy comprises of western European philosophical traditions, while Indian philosophy (Sanskrit: darśhana) comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent.
2. Western Philosophy was influenced by Western religion, science, mathematics and politics, while Indian philosophy was influence by
nature of the world (cosmology), the nature of reality (metaphysics), logic, the nature of knowledge (epistemology), ethics, and the philosophy of religion.
3. Indian thought is eventually ontological. It doesn’t really stop until it makes a stab at what’s really real. It loves the general knowledge. While Western thought is highly dissecting. It doesn’t not mind engaging the variety and leave alone the promise of an absolute unity. It loves the specificity of knowledge.
4. While western philosophy begins and ends with Christianity, indian philosophy is a mix of Hinduism, Islam, Taoism, Buddhism etc.
5. Indian philosophy is integrated with religion while western philosophy is opposite and independent of religion

Moksha or nirvana is the end of life, and it is the goal of life in Indian philosophy, whereas western philosophy stresses now and here and believes everything to be accounted for in this very life. ... While Indian philosophy is inner dependent, western philosophy is outer dependent

Preventive detention is an effective tool that gives the government the right to arrest any person that has an anti social agenda about a certain society or community. Such person can harm the society due to this the government can arrest such persons on ground of preventive detention. The government can take that person under custody for three months and after that the government has to give evidence for keeping such person under custody. For example:- some anti social groups in Jammu and Kashmir had been arrested on the grounds of preventive detention. Recently, Sharjeel imam was arrested for giving seditious speech & abetting riots in Jamia in December 2019.

Freedom and Equality

sry i thought u were asking when.... instead of why

26 Jan 1950...

Here is the paradigm of answer:- *Eligibility to vote:- A citizen of 18 years or above is eligible to vote. He/she must be the citizen of that state/country. *Eligibility to contest elections:- • Should not be corrupted. • Should be mentally sound. • Should not hold any governmental job. *Point to be noted:- age for contesting election differs for different governmental posts. * Under article 324(1), the Election commission of India is responsible for conducting elections in lndia. * The voters choose their representatives through participating( by voting ) in elections. * In the case of FPTP( first past the post system), the votes are counted on the basis that the party which got more votes than other parties is declared elected. The winning party need not to secure a majority of votes( 51%of votes). The party which got more votes than other parties gets elected and the ministers are chosen from that party.

The Indian Constitution is not completely borrowed from outsiders but yes some of the major rules and policies are borrowed from other countries' Constitution. We can't deny this very fact. India took those things which was going to suit it in future and today the result is quite appreciable. Coming to the point, here the six instances which proves that major rules and guidelines were borrowed from other Constitution:- 1.) When lndia was under British rule, it had some experience of parliamentary form of government. The system of FPTP(first past the post system) and law making process were borrowed from British Constitution. 2.) An independent judiciary was borrowed from the U.S.A. Charter of fundamental rights was also borrowed from there. 3.) A quasi-federal form of government (a government which has a strong central government and at the same time power is divided between different levels of government)was adopted from the constitution of Canada. 4.) The ideas of fraternity, equality and freedom were adopted from the land of revolutionaries "France". 5.) The ideas of directive principles of state policy was adopted from the constitution of Ireland. 6.) India has adopted Proportional Representation system from countries like lsrael, Portugal and Argentina.

Yogita lngle has already explained four fundamental rights. So, you can get these points from her. l can explain the remaining two points. Here is the explanation:- *Cultural and educational right:- This right ensures that the minority groups can carry their culture without the involvement of some other group. This ensures that each ethnic groups can carry their culture. This right also says that there will be enough provisions for their educational rights. For example:- Jamia Milia university is particularly for Muslim community so as to promote their education. But, any religion of student can read there. *Right to constitutional remedies:- This right is very important for every people. When any people's right is violated then he/she can go to the court and ask for remedy. Due to this, B.R Ambedkar called it heart and soul of the constitution. This right protects other rights.

After the post-independence era, India brought down some very essential fundamental rights. These rights are guaranteed by the law to every citizen of India. It is important to know what they are so that no one can be deprived of his/her rights.
1. Right to Equality: This right states that all citizens are the same under the law. This means that men and women are equal no matter what religion or caste they belong to. The law will treat a Brahmin woman in the same way that it would treat a Muslim man if they were to break the law.

2. Right to Freedom: The particular law allows the people of the country to censure the government and its policies. They are allowed to organise themselves however they choose and carry out their daily lives in any way they seem fit. Of course within limits. In short, people are able to exist without fear of a higher force such as the government.
3. Right against Exploitation: One should always remember that to be exploited is to be misused. We often see that kids and poor people are especially vulnerable to being exploited. This one of the most important fundamental rights ensures things like education for children and equal pay for equal work.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion: In our country, each and every citizen can practice their choice of religion. Everyone is free to do whatever his/her religion tells them to do. So Muslims fast during Ramzan, Christians during Lent and Hindus during Navaratri. However, in following our religion we should not forget that other people are free to follow theirs and that this is no reason to fight.

A set of values and rules that are so important for each and every person that it is protected by the constitution itself. This is known as Bill of rights. Just like we can't survive without oxygen, without this bill of rights a person will not enjoy his/her basic right. It is important because:- 1.) It looks after the basic rights of people and provide enough safeguard to protect it. 2.) It clarifies how a person can use his/her right without vexing others. 3.) It also places limits to person's action. The phrase 'the right to move your fist ends where my nose begins' satisfy the above statement. Due to its function it is considered very important.

a. composition of constituent assembly

Constituent Assembly of India was set up under Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. It consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected members of the provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States.It also had one representative each from the four chief Commissioners provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan. 

B N Rao was the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly. Dr. Rajendra prasad was elected as its president.

Here, l am going to explain the importance of both the act of 1919 and 1935. But, there will be a little introduction of these act so that you can figure it out why and how these acts are important. *Government of India Act 1919:- It was an act of British parliament. It was sought to involve the participation of lndian in India's democracy. It was introduced by Secretary of state of India:- Edwin Montagu and the then viceroy Lord Chelmsford. That's why it is known as Montford reforms or Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. Diarchy was introduced by this act in provinces. In provinces the subjects were divided into two list:- reserved and transferred. The Governor General was in charge of reserved list. The reserved list consists of law and order, irrigation etc. The minister's were in charge of transferred list. The transferred list consists of health, religious endowment. This act led to the formation of public service commission. Size of the legislative assembly was increased. Some women got chance to vote. Separate electorate was established. It also provided that after 10 years, a statutory commission was to be established for supervising the working of government. It resulted in Simon Commission. *Government of India Act 1935:- This act is one of the longest act in the history of British Parliament. Due to its volume, it was divided into two parts:- Government of India Act 1935 and Government of Burma Act 1935. This act was introduced to make further provisions in lndia's democracy. This act demolished diarchy in provinces. It was continued in centre. Establishment of bicameralism and establishment of federal court was done by this act. There were three list :- 1.) Federal list, 2.) Provincial list and 3.) Concurrent list. In federal list, the subjects were divided into two categories:- transferred and reserved. This act gave power to provinces. Introduction of direct vote was done through this act. Burma was separated from lndia, Orissa and Bihar were severed off from each other according to this act. RBI was established through this act. For more details, you can visit Wikipedia.

Political Theory helps us better understand the concepts that have shaped our politics, including freedom, equality, individuality, democracy and justice. Importantly, Political Theory is the part of Political Science that explores what a better political world would look like and how we can create it. The political theory refers to the study of political events and ideas as well as the topics that influence them. This includes the study of law, justice, civil rights, and government. When studying political theory, issues of philosophy, history, current events, and ethics also come into consideration.

November 26, 1949

• The Indian Constitution was made by Constituent Assembly.
• It held its first sittings on 9 December 1946 and reassembled on 14 August 1947 by the elected members of Provisional Legislative Assemblies through an election.
• It was composed roughly along the lines suggested by Cabinet Mission and on 26 November 1949, 284 actual members appended their signature to the Constitution.
• Constituent Assembly was made seriously a representative body in which the representation from all section of society was made and accommodated all shades of opinion.
• The Assembly took 166 days spread over two years, eleven months and eighteen days to frame the Constitution finally adopted.

Equality generally means the state of being equal. It is the state in which everyone has the same rights and advantages. They should be offered equality in terms of caste, gender, and race. These rights should not be denied by anyone on any grounds

In political science, we study about certain norms and principles that shape our society, inspire people of different sections and at the same time we study about policies like:- freedom, equality, justice, liberty, citizenship etc.

We study certain values and principles and ideals also which inspired people and guided policies like democracy, freedom, equality, etc.

Constitution and nation are two inseparable terms from each other (just like a coin has two faces head and tail). Basically, it is important because it contains some guidelines and principles which are important to do day to day things. Elaborating the topic, we can write:- 1.) A constitution provides a set of rules that requires minimal coordination amongst members of a society. 2.) A constitution tells who will make laws and procedures for people. 3.) A constitution sets some limits on the government's power. 4.) A constitution provides legal rights, fundamental rights which is the very principles of democracy. 5.) A constitution creates a just society for people. That's why it is very important for a nation.

Yes

... acquire some powers in the society. Thus, we have a balanced institutional design.

Our 'Constitution' is one of those great and wonderful constitutions in the world that we enjoy today. Our constitution makers were great and dignified personalities. Now, coming to your question:- We all know that lndia follows a federal form of government where power is distributed among different organs of the government, among different levels of government and among pressure groups. Basically, we have federalism. We have adopted a quasi-federal system( a system which has a powerful central government and at the same time the power is divided among different organs of the government) from Canada. Division of power among different organs of government ensures that each and every organ check each other. Here, power is divided horizontally. So, it is known as horizontal division of power. Since each organ( legislature, executive and judiciary) checks and balances each other, it is known as a system of checks and balances. This means if one organ crosses its jurisdiction then other organ can check it and make a balance between them. Division of power among different levels(Central, State and local government) of government ensures that central and state governments do their work according to their respective jurisdiction. The power that is shared between different levels of government is known as vertical division of power. Municipal corporation falls under this division. Thus, we have a balanced institutions which ensure that each institution feel that they ac

Designing of a constitution is to ensure that no single institution acquires monopoly of power.For E.g. The Indian Constitution horizontally fragments poweracross different institutions like the Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary and even independent statutory bodies like the Election Commission.This ensures that even if one institution wants to subvert the Constitution, others can check its transgressions.An intelligent system of checks and balances has facilitated the success of the Indian Constitution.

Constitution expresses the fundamental identity of people.This means the people as a collective entity come into being only through the basic constitution,this is done by agreeing to basic set of norms and principles then one constitute one’s basic political identity.

Second, in constitutional norms one pursues individual aspirations,goals and freedoms .It also defines the moral identity that one may not. the constitution also gives the moral identity.

Political identity - all the people follow same rules and norms giving them a political identity Moral identity-it provides an over arching framework within which we must fulfill our goals and aspirations. It mentions certain fundamental values that we cannot trespass. It sets authoritative limits on what one must do and what one must not

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Ans fast

Inter religious domination refers to how members of one religion dominates members of a different religion. Examples include 
1. Members of a particular religious community are targetted and victimised by members of another community.
2. The political system may favour a particular religion and deny various rights and privileges to members of other religions.

Intra religious domination refers to how certain members of a religion dominates other members of the same religion.
1. Every religion fragments into sects which leads to frequent sectarian violence. An example is the centuries of fighting between catholics and protestants within Christianity, or Shias and Sunnis within Islam.
2. The exploitation of certain members of a religion by other members of the same religion. An example is the caste system in Hinduism in which members of upper caste exploited members of lower caste.
2. Gender discrimination within religion. In all religions, women have traditionally been discriminated against and men favoured.

1. The Election Commission of India is considered the guardian of free and reasonable elections.
2. It issues the Model Code of Conduct in every election for political parties and candidates so that the decorum of democracy is maintained.
3. It regulates political parties and registers them for being eligible to contest elections.
4. It publishes the allowed limits of campaign expenditure per candidate to all the political parties, and also monitors the same.
5. The political parties must submit their annual reports to the ECI for getting tax benefit on contributions.
6. It guarantees that all the political parties regularly submit their audited financial reports.

DPSP are those guidelines/principles that the state should keep in mind while formulating law and policies of the country. It is non-justiciable( you can't go to a court and file a petition against the government and force them to implement any rule of DPSP ) in nature. The government should formulate the laws while keeping in mind the principles of DPSP. Our Constitution makers were foreseener. They predicted that the new 'lndia' will face different problems. So, in order to combat the problems there are certain guidelines that the government can change into law and can make it mandatory to be followed by each and every person. DPSP contains three main principles:- 1.) Gandhian Principles 2.) Liberal Principles 3.) Socio-economic Principles 1.) Gandhian Principles:- These principles were basically thoughts of Gandhi. He wanted that every person should enjoy equal rights and the power should be distributed among various organs of government. For example:- Article 40 was driven from DPSP. This article is about formation of local governments. 2.) Liberal Principles:- These principles are very free in nature and can be implemented in future when the country becomes ready for it. For example:- Universal civil code. 3.) Socio- economic Principles:- These principles are for society as a whole. It mainly focuses on developing each and every people's socio and economic condition. For example:- Mid-day meal scheme.

Directive Principles of State Policy are non-Justiciable Rights, which means that they cannot be enforced through a Court of Law. These DPSP lays down the Objectives and Framework according to which Policies and Laws should be made. Directive Principles consist of the following guidelines for the States: The State should strive to promote the welfare of the people. Maintain social order through social, economic and political justice. The State should strive towards removing economic inequality. 

Right to Equality isn't in the Directive Principles of State Policy. The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble.

a. Articles 41–43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the right to work, a living wage, social security, maternity relief, and a decent standard of living.

c. Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State, including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens, equal pay for equal work for men and women, proper working conditions, reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few, and distribution of community resources to sub serve the common good.

d. Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years.