January 26, 1950 is when the Constitution of India came into effect. The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and seventeen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India. The circumstances that led to 104 formal amendments and hundreds of amendments by interpretation can make one dismal. But Constitution has survived seven decades despite many assaults by Parliament and the judiciary.

According to the Constitution, there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President. The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15 % of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. This provision was added by the 91st Amendment Act of 2003.

A Bill is the draft of a legislative proposal which has to pass through various stages before it becomes an Act of Parliament. The legislative process starts with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament-Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a Private Member. The legislative process begins with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament, i.e. the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Member's Bill.

Challenges Faced by the Parliament
Criminalisation of Politics
According to a report by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), the proportion of legislators with criminal cases against them has continuously increased.It stood at 15% in the year 2009 moving to 19% in 2019.
This has impacted the standards of democratic discussions, debate and dissent.
Dominance of Archaic Laws
India is a young nation but it is still ruled by old laws.
For example, the police is governed by such colonial-era statutes as the Police Act of 1861, which predates independence by nearly a century.
The archaic laws are inadequate in addressing contemporary challenges.
Anti-Defection Law
The Anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule of the Constitution) states that the Speaker/Chairman of the legislature is the final authority to decide on the disqualification of a legislator.
However, the role of the presiding officers has become increasingly politicized. Thereby creating doubts over Speaker's role vis-à-vis anti-defection law being biased, as recently seen in the Karnataka political crisis.
Decline of Representative Democracy
As per Anti-defection law, the legislators have to vote as per party whip. Due to this, legislators are compelled to vote on party lines irrespective of their local or regional interest.
This has narrowed scope of democracy dissent and divergent views.
India has first past the post electoral system, which means that candidates winning the highest number of votes gets elected.
This leads to neglect of representation of voters who voted for another candidate.
Also, this system of voting is not suitable for the representation of minorities, raising questions on representation.
Only 14.3% (78) of the total members in the current parliament are women.
All these factors taken together defeat the intended purpose of representative democracy.

According to no confidence motion, a vote or a statement is passed against a political leader(in terms of politics) that such person has failed to fulfil his/her promise or duty. Such a political leader leads to the loss of confidence among other political leaders and different political parties. Such resolutions some time leads to the dismissal of the ruling party. For example:- Recently, other political leader tried to dismiss the existing cabinet of BJP by saying that it failed to employ lakhs of people. But, this movement didn't get confidence by other political parties and hence the no confidence motion could not dismiss BJP.

A no-confidence motion can be moved by any member of the House. It can be moved only in the Lok Sabha and not Rajya Sabha. Rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and conduct of Lok Sabha specifies the procedure for moving a no-confidence motion.

A joint session or joint convention is, most broadly, when two normally separate decision-making groups meet together, often in a special session or other extraordinary meeting, for a specific purpose. Most often it refers to when both houses of a bicameral legislature sit together. If at the joint sitting of the two Houses, the Bill, with such amendments, if any, as are agreed to in joint sitting, is passed by a majority of the total number of members of both Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses.

The independence of judiciary means that other organs of government should not interfere in the functioning and decisions of the judiciary and judiciary can perform its duties without any favour or fear. It enjoys various provisions in constitution to ensure independence of judiciary as follows:

• Parliament has no say in the appointment of judges to avoid politics.
• The judges enjoy a fixed tenure as they hold their office till the age of their retirement and the constitution prescribes very difficult procedure for exceptional cases if required.
• The action and decisions of the judges are immune from personal criticism.
• The salaries and allowances of the judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature as per the constitution.
• The judiciary can penalise them who are found guilty of the contempt of court.
• The constitution specifically bars the Parliament from discussing the conduct of the judges except the impeachment proceedings.

In simple words, freedom means absence of constraints. Freedom has a broad meaning. In other words, freedom can be described as absence of constraints and the ability to increase your capacity and interest in certain works. Without freedom human can't survive.

The key players in makung of our constitution are army, emperor and aristocracy.

Political theory deals with ideas and principles that shape the Constitution, government and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as equality, freedom etc

Political theory refers to the study of political events and ideas as well as the topics that influence them. This includes the study of law, justice, civil rights, and government. ... The study of political theory is important because it allows us to examine the complex nature of political power. Political theory deals with the ideas and principles that shape Constitutions, governments and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as freedom, equality, justice, democracy, secularism and so on.

ইলেকশন এর আগে সবার ঘরে গিয়ে ভোট চায়

Bicameral legislature means that there are two houses of legislature. In terms of the whole country, there exists two legislature:- 1.) Upper house or Rajya Sabha, 2.) Lower house or Lok Sabha. If we talk about different states then some states have two houses while others have one house( known as unicameralism ). The two houses of state legislature are Vidhan Sabha( legislative assembly) and Vidhan Parishad (legislative council). States having bicameral house are as follows:- 1.) Bihar, 2.) Uttar Pradesh, 3.) Telangana, 4.) Andhra Pradesh, 5.) Maharashtra, 6.) Karnataka *Note:- Jammu and Kashmir no longer comes in bicameral legislature list because under Jammu and Kashmir reorganization act of August 2019 has shifted Jammu and Kashmir into a unicameral state.

election are Central future of democracy for election to express the will of the electron sea and fire means that all those in need to go that have the right to the released and to what and much to the free to make their choice

Elections are a central feature of democracy. For elections to express the will of the electorate, they must be ‘free and fair’. ‘Free’ means that all those entitled to vote have the right to be registered and to vote and must be free to make their choice. In South Africa every citizen over the age of 18 is entitled to vote. An election is considered ‘free’ when you can decide whether or not to vote and vote freely for the candidate or party of your choice without fear or intimidation. A ‘free’ election is also one where you are confident that who you vote for remains your secret. ‘Fair’ means that all registered political parties have an equal right to contest the elections, campaign for voter support and hold meetings and rallies. This gives them a fair chance to convince voters to vote for them. A fair election is also one in which all voters have an equal opportunity to register, where all votes are counted, and where the announced results reflect the actual vote totals.

It is necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in the constitution because demarcation allows the institutions to work efficiently without any interference or overlapping of power and responsibilities.

One of the most important function of a constitution is to set some limit on the rulers. It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers because absence of limitations would lead to authoritarian form of government that threatens human rights. The most common way of limiting the power of the government is to specify certain fundamental rights. Citizens will normally have some basic rights of liberties: right to freedom, right to association, right to conduct trade, business, etc. These freedoms of the people could not be checked by the government. But during the national emergency or in national interest these rights may be withdrawn. The rulers and the government can impose some limitations on its citizen. In all the types of constitution whether in the form of referendum, maintain or mandate people hold some sort of power, the level may vary. Thus, it’s not possible for a constitution to exist that gives no power at all to the citizens. The institutions of the state that are meant to serve the citizens would end up denying them their right in such tough scenario.
 

yes ,common language should be the sole basis for formation of a state inorder to communicate well with each other.

Everyone have right to vote

Legislative Functions

• The Parliament legislates on all matters mentioned in the Union List and the Concurrent List.
• In the case of the Concurrent List, where the state legislatures and the Parliament have joint jurisdiction, the union law will prevail over the states unless the state law had received the earlier presidential assent. However, the Parliament can any time, enact a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing a law made by a state legislature.
• The Parliament can also pass laws on items in the State List under the following circumstances:
  • If Emergency is in operation, or any state is placed under President’s Rule (Article 356), the Parliament can enact laws on items in the State List as well.
  • As per Article 249, the Parliament can make laws on items in the State List if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by ⅔ majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary for the Parliament to make laws on any item enumerated in the State List, in the national interest.
  • As per Article 253, it can pass laws on the State List items if it is required for the implementation of international agreements or treaties with foreign powers.
  • According to Article 252, if the legislatures of two or more states pass a resolution to the effect that it is desirable to have a parliamentary law on any item listed in the State List, the Parliament can make laws for those states.

Main Sources of Indian Constitution—
1. The Government of India Act, 1935: Indian Constitution is mainly based on the Government of India Act, 1935. This Act had accepted many of the demands of the Indian National Congress i.e., provincial autonomy, parliamentary system, federal system, federalcourt, etc. When we got freedom we were accustomed of the administrative set up under this Act and we changed the provisions of the Act according to our requirement and suitability in the new Constitution. Thus about two-thirds of Indian Constitution is derived from the Act of 1935.
2. British Constitution: Many of the provisions of the Constitution have been taken from the British Constitution. Parliamentary system is on British pattern except that in India, we have opted for a President as Head of the State, not a king. Our procedure of law making, single citizenship, single integrated judiciary are based on British Constitution. Thus British Constitution is also a big source of Indian Constitution.
3. American Constitution: Idea of Preamble to the Constitution was derived from the American Constitution. Declaration of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution, provision of Judicial Review are also derived from the American Constitution. Preamble to the Indian Constitution and the position of Indian Supreme Court, and those of American Constitution are similar.
4. Constitution of Canada: Our Federal structure is similar to that of Canada. Like Canadian Constitution, we have a more powerful centre than the states and have given residuary powers to the Central Government. Our federal system is not based on American pattern.
5. Constitution of Ireland: Constitution of Ireland had provided for the guidelines to the states. This inspired the makers of the Indian Constitution and they have included the Directive Principles of the State Policy in the Constitution.
6. German Constitution: The makers of the Constitution were inspired by the Weimer Constitution regarding the emergency provisions and they armed the Indian President with emergency powers to face external and internal emergencies.

A Constitution is a document in which the rules and regulations are mentioned and according to these rules and regulations a country/nation is governed, it also provides equal powers to the Legislature, the Exicutive and the Judiciary. All kinds of fundamental rights are secure in the constitution and any changes in this is known as Amendment. Every Constitution have an introduction and that is known as PREAMBLE THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA IS THE LONGGEST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION EVER.

A Constitution is a written set of rules and regulations to run the government of a country. It also defines the positions of three organs of the Government, i.e. the executive, the legislature and the judiciary along with to maintain relations between the Government and the citizens.

Constituent Assembly of India was set up under Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. It consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected members of the provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States.It also had one representative each from the four chief Commissioners provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan. B N Rao was the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly. Dr. Rajendra prasad was elected as its president.

August 15, 1947

The Indian Independence Bill, which carves the independent nations of India and Pakistan out of the former Mogul Empire, comes into force at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947.

15 August 1947

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar

Dr BR Ambedkar

Dr .BR Ambedkar

Dr BR Ambedkar

Constitution Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar  on 29 August, 1947 to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.