The debates can supply the form and content of the Constitution's basic features, which lie beyond the reach of constitutional amendments. Finally, as much as they shine a light on the past, the debates can help address present-day questions that the assembly neither faced nor foresaw. It embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values on which Indian Constitution is based i.e., moral, political and religious. As it reflects the dreams of the founding fathers of the constitution, SC has held that Preamble is the key to understanding the mind of constitution makers.

Constitution of India called as bag of borrow as the provisions of the constitution is barrowed from various countries of the word Eg. Parliamentary form of govt. Is adopted from u.k and fundamental rights from American constitution . It is also known as alien constitution

It is called so because Indian Constitution has borrowed provisions from the constitutions of various other countries. ... However, calling the Constitution a bag of borrows is unfair because it is not a result of blind copy and paste.  

The Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single-member districts and the Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation.
In order to be chosen a member of Parliament, a person must be a citizen of India and not less than 30 years of age in the case of Rajya Sabha and not less than 25 years of age in the case of Lok Sabha. Additional qualifications may be prescribed by Parliament by law.

• Social constraints are the external controls on individual freedom maintained by the society.

• The government, as a part of the society, controls individual freedom through laws that embodies the power of the government and are legitimatised.

• Constraints on freedom are also a result of social inequality.

The Directive Principles of State Policy can be defined as guidelines that are to be followed by the government in the governance of the country. These principles help in giving directions and instructions to legislators and government authorities to keep in mind while implementing policies. These are not a substitute for laws of the country. These principles contain lofty ideas, deep human thought, belief and knowledge. They cannot be found in any other Constitution apart from India and Ireland.

Thanks a lot

Natural rights are the rights which provides us basis for freedom and liberty,whereas fundamental rights are the rights where freedom is guaranteed by the Constitution. Natural rights are not given to us by government or constitution as every person have these rights in normal. Whereas the fundamental rights are guaranteed by the constitution and are in written form and they can't be violated from us. Example of natural rights includes right to property,questions against government and freedom of thoughts. Example of fundamental right are right to equality ,right to freedom,etc.

Can I get more point plz

There are ten fundamental duties were enumerated . However the constitution does not say anything about enforcing these duties. As a citizen,we must abide by constitution, defend our country ,promote harmony among all citizens ,protect the environment.

61st amendment bringing down the age of voting from 21 to 18 years. 73rd amendment provided reservation for SCs and STs in gram panchayat. 74th amendment provided reservation of SCs in municipal panchayat,municipal council and municipal corporation and 1/3 reservation for woman's. 42nd amendment was about fundamental duties. Article 74 amendment to state that president should act accordingly to council of minister . 44th amendment reduced the age of lok sabha and state legislative assemblies again to five years. 52nd amendment was to stop defection (changing parties) .

3. Balanced institution design .

May be Adam smith

Adam smith

Adam Smith

May be adam smith

Nepoleon

Nepoleon

Nepoleon

Studying political theory is not like studying methematics for the reasons mentioned below:
(i)Unlike in mathematics where there can be one definition of a triangle or square, we encounter many definitions of equality or freedom or justice.
(ii)This is because terms like equality, freedom or secularism are not abstract issues in our lives. Rather, we daily encounter discrimination of various sorts in families, schools, colleges, shopping malls etc. 
(iii)For instance, when we are in a queue for goods and services, we want equal opportunity. We resent people who jump the queue in order to get services first.
(iv)However, if there are special counters for the old and disabled, we understand that equality of opportunity is not enough and such special treatment is justified to ensure fairness in society.

President

President

While the Governor is the nominal head of the state government, the Chief Minister is the real head.

The legal rights are protected by an ordinary law, but they can be altered or taken away be the legislature by changing that law. Fundamental Rights are protected and Guaranteed by the Constitution and they cannot be taken away by an ordinary law enacted by the legislature. If a legal right of a person is violated, he can move to an ordinary court, but if a fundamental right is violated the Constitution provides that the affected person may move to High court or Supreme Court. Here we should note that theRights to Property was a fundamental right before 1978. The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, taken away the Right to property (Article 31) as a Fundamental Right and was made a legal right under new Article 300 A.

An ordinary right generally imposes a corresponding duty on another individual (and, state in some cases) but a fundamental right is a right which an individual possess against the state.Fundamental rights are protected against invasion by the executive, legislature and the judiciary. All fundamental rights are limitations on legislative power. Laws and executive actions which abridge or are in conflict with such rights are void and ineffective.Our constitution guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. Thus the remedy itself is a fundamental right. This distinguishes it from other rights.The Supreme Court is the guardian of fundamental rights.

Further, all constitution rights not fundamental rights e.g. right not to be subjected to taxation without authority of law (art. 265), right to property (art. 300a), and freedom of trade (art. 301). A fundamental right cannot be waived. An ordinary legal right can be waived by an individual.

A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. It denotes what we are entitled to as citizens, as individuals and as human beings. Rights are something that we consider to be due to us, something that the rest of society must recognise as being a legitimate claim that must be upheld.
(i)Rights are important for all of us for leading a life of respect and dignity In fact, one of the grounds on which rights have been claimed in that they represent conditions that we collectively see as a source of self-respect and dignity.
(ii)In a democracy generally people or citizens have the right to expression. Citizens can express themselves freely in different ways. The right to expression gives us opportunity to be creative and original, whether it be in writing, or dance, or music or any other creative activity.
(iii)Freedom of expression is essential and useful for democratic government also. As this freedom or right allows the free expression of beliefs and opinions, the government can know this successes or failures or desires or dislikings of the people.

(iv)Rights are necessary for entire world or for whole human beings also. Rights such as the right of livelihood, or freedom of expression, would be important for all human beings who live in society and therefore they are described as universal in nature.

(v)Another basis on which rights have been claimed in that they are necessary for our well-being. They help individuals to develop their talents and skills. A right like the right to education, for example, helps develop our capacity to reason, gives us useful skills and enables us to make informed choices in life.

According to article 124(2) a president can appoint or remove the judges of supreme court or high court. They are appointed by president on the advice of prime minister and in consultation of the chief justice of supreme court. Their remove removal process is well defined in article 124. The constitution provides that a judge can be removed only by the order of president . The procedure for removal of judge is elaborated in the judge enquiry act 1968 . * Under the act,an impeachment motion may originate in either of the house of the parliament. To initiate proceedig 1) at least 100 members of lok sabha or 59 members of rajya sabha should give the removal motion to speaker or chairman . 2)Speaker or chairman may admit the motion or may refuse to admit the same. 3) If it is admitted than speaker or chairman constitutes a three members commitee to investigate the alligation charged against the judge which contains the chief justice or senior most judge of supreme Court,chief justice of high court and a prominent jurist . 4) If the committee finds the allegation true than committe submits it's report to the house and the matter takes up for the discussion where it has been originally introduced . 5) Irrespective of which house introduced the motion , it should be passed by both the houses of the parliament with special majority (at least 2/3 of the members present or voting) 6) The passed motion is addressed to the president for the removal of the judge . 7) Finally the president passes an order removing the judge and the judge is removed from the date of the assent of the president

The federal bureaucracy performs three primary tasks in government: implementation, administration, and regulation. When Congress passes a law, it sets down guidelines to carry out the new policies. Actually putting these policies into practice is known as implementation. The bureaucracy provides necessary administrative functions, like conducting examinations, issuing permits and licenses, and collecting fees. Essentially, it handles the paperwork of everyday government operations.

A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that "coalition". The usual reason for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the election. Legislative power is constitutionally vested in the Parliament of India of which the president is the head, to facilitate the lawmaking process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The president summons both the houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament and prorogues them.

President is the part of parliament,parliament starts from his first speech,he also arranges the meating of lok sabha and rajya sabha. Without his permission any act and law can't pass.Even president is informal head of country but he plays an important role as a president

There are three organs of government executive , judiciary and legislature .Legislature made the laws and those laws are being implemented by executive and the same laws are protected by judiciary. In this way they have a balance between each other.their work is divided and so they have some sort of control on each other

Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state. Directive Principles of State Policy are some instructions to the State for achieving socio-economic development. Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable in the courts and no one can go near the court for its proper implementation. Directive Principles of State Policy are positive in nature .

A Constitution refers to a system of laws and principles that act as a basis for governance in a country. There are two types of constitutions.

A Constitution that has been systematically and meticulously written down and embodied in a single document is known as a Written Constitution.

An Unwritten Constitution is the one in which no provisions or laws of the constitution are set in writing but they are documented despite not being incorporated in a single book.

An unwritten constitution is a Constitution which is not in written form and which only is in oral form like USA

It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to make the indian constitution. It was made by the drafting committee having total 292 members from all regions, races, castes, genders, religions, etc. Who sat together to make the very secular, socialist, sovereign, just, equal, liberal and fraternal constitution of India. Keeping in mind the diversity of such a great state, they made a constitution which will unify all and everyone together to be called INDIANS.

It is used for the election of President, Vice President, Rajya Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ( Legislative Council).

Htt

Look, FPTP( first past the post) system is used to elect representatives in a country. *Effects of FPTP system in lndia:- 1.) Good effect:- This system is easily understandable by common people who are not much literate and hence this system helps in the easy selection of candidates by the people. 2.) Gained satisfactory results:- It consumes less time to elect a representative as compared to PR system. 3.) Led to the establishment of large and powerful parties:- This system has led to the formation of large and established parties in lndia. For example:- UPA(United Progressive Alliance) and NDA(National Democratic Alliance). 4.) Bad effects:- The minority parties get no recognition in this system and hence they feel alienated. 5.) Votes get wasted:- ln this system, a considerable amount of votes get wasted due to majoritarian system of counting votes. Hence, these are the effects of FPTP system in lndia. Again, l am not a teacher. I am just a student.