yes, there can be democracy without election but it not really possible .
it is not possible for everyone to sit together and discuss all the related problems and it is also impossible for everyone to know about every topic of discussion .
therefore , election is taken as the best way to do so

• The Election Commission consists of Chief Election Commissioner and the number of other Election Commissioners may also be fixed by the president from time to time.
• Thus, the Election Commission may be single member or multi member body. Till 1989, the Election Commission was a single member body.
• In 1993, two more Election Commissioners were also appointed and become multi¬member body since then.
• The Chief Election Commissioner presides over the Election Commission, but the other Election Commissioners also enjoy the same power to work mainly on consensus as a collective body only.
• The constitution of India has ensured independence of Election Commission and declared it can important body to conduct free and fair elections.

In India FPTP system is used in election of MPs and MLAs whereas PR system is used in election of President, vice-president, RS.

FPTP: In FPTP system the candidate who gets votes more than all other candidates is declared as winner. In this system the people vote essentially for a party member. The person elected from the constituency can be held accountable for the progress of the region.

Proportional Representation System: IN PR system the country is either considered as a single constituency or divided into different constituency. If divided into several countries many candidates may be elected from a constituency. Under this system the candidates of a party are elected in proportion of the votes won by them. People vote for a party and not for an individual. Under this system people cannot held anyone accountable for the progress of their area.

India should not shift to PR system. The FPTP system is simple to understand and provides accountability. Since a large population of India is still uneducated introducing a complex system as PR may cause problems for people in exercising their right to vote. For a large country like India PR system may not be feasible.

In a first-past-the-post (FPTP or FPP; sometimes formally called single-member plurality voting or SMP) electoral system, voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins. FPTP is a plurality voting method, and is primarily used in systems that use single-member electoral divisions. FPTP is used as the primary form of allocating seats for legislative elections in about a third of the world's countries, mostly in the English-speaking world (the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Pakistan, and other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations).

Many countries use FPTP alongside proportional representation, for example, for special constituencies (e.g. for minorities or outlying areas) and/or as part of a mixed-member proportional representation system. It is also used to elect heads of state in Taiwan, Iceland, Mexico, and South Korea.

Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections
FPTP can be used for single- and multiple-member electoral divisions. In a single-member election, the candidate with the highest number (but not necessarily a majority) of votes is elected. In a multiple-member election (or multiple-selection ballot), each voter casts (up to) the same number of votes as there are positions to be filled, and those elected are the highest-placed candidates corresponding to that number of positions. For example, if there are three vacancies, then voters cast up to three votes and the three candidates with the greatest number of votes are elected.

Direct democracy is when the people vote directly on the law or other issues that are proposed .
Indirect democracy is when the people elect representatives who vote on law on the behalf of the people .

Election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so. Elections are considered essential for the following reasons: 
(i) In any large community it is not possible for all the people to sit together everyday and take all the decisions. Nor is it possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters. Therefore, in most democracies, people rule through their representatives, who are elected by the people themselves. For electing these representatives, elections are essential. 
(ii) Elections are fought on party basis. The party which gets a majority forms the government. If the government fails to work as per its promises, people can change it. They bring this change through elections. Thus, elections enable people to exercise control over the government.

In the case of separate electorates, the voting population of a country or region is divided into different electorates, based on certain factors such as religion, caste, gender, and occupation. Here, members of each electorate vote only for elected representatives for their electorate.

A Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between the people and government. A constitution performs several functions:
(i) It generates a decree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
(ii) It species how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions.
(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
(iv) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

1. The Lengthiest Constitution: Indian Constitution is a written constitution. It is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 395 articles and schedules (now 12). It is a book of more than 250 pages.

2. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policies: In our Constitution Indian citizens have been provided with six fundamental rights. And for the establishment of social and economic democracy and for the welfare of its citizens, some directives have been given to the central and the state governments.

3. A unique blend of Unitary and Federal Governments: According to the constitution, India has been declared federal and it looks federal but it has the unitary bias. Thus Indian constitution is federal in form but unitary in spirit.

4. The Fundamental Duties: By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, 10 fundamental duties have been also incorporated in the Indian Constitution.

5. Blend of Flexibility and Rigidity: The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Some of the articles as change in the name of any state or in the boundaries, etc. are amended by a simple majority of the Parliament.

(1) The Indian Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly which had been elected for undivided India.

(2) It held its first sitting on 9 December, 1946 and reassembled on 14 August 1947. Its members were elected by in direct election by the members of the Provisional Legislative Assemblies that had been established in 1935.

(3) It was composed roughly along the lines suggested by the Cabinet Mission. After the partition those members who were elected from territories which fell under Pakistan ceased to be the members of the Constituent Assembly. The numbers in the Assembly were reduced to 299 of which 284 were actually present on 26 November1949 and appended their signature to the Constitution as finally passed.

(4) Although the members of the Assembly were not elected by universal suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly are presentative body. 26 members were from scheduled classes. Members of all religions were given representation.

Following are the branches Physical Geography:

(i) Geomorphology is devoted to the study of landforms, their evolution and related processes.
(ii) Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
(iii) Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.
(iv) Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use

A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons: It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments. It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony. The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi.

Yes

When Dr Ambedkar and his colleagues drafted the Constitution, India was virtually a one-party nation with the Congress in complete command both at the federal level and in the provinces. They may not have anticipated over 40 political parties in diverse, at times bizarre combinations, ruling the states, as is the case now. But given the country’s social, economic and cultural diversity, they did anticipate the mushrooming of different ideologies and political parties. We owe it to their foresight for creating the constitutional mechanism to cope with national emergencies like this pandemic.

While one must work in a spirit of cooperative federalism, those who govern the states must respect the wisdom of the nation’s founding fathers. While some peripheral disagreements between the Centre and the states are natural, a calamity of this magnitude calls for national unity and unequivocal commitment to the constitutional mandate.

• A constitution is a written set of laws and fundamental principles to develop a relationship between the people and the government which comprises a number of articles about the state.
• We need a constitution:
  • To provide a set of basic rules to allow minimal coordination amongst the members of a society.
  • To specify how the government would be constituted and who has power to make decisions in the society.
  • To lay some limitations on government’s power by guaranteeing rights to the citizens.
  • To enable the government to fulfill aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society.
  • To express the fundamental identity of people.

The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive social, economic and political programme for a modern and welfare state.

These principles emphasises that the State shall try to promote welfare of people by providing them basic facilities like shelter, food and clothing.

Unlike Fundamental Rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are non- binding in nature which means they are not enforceable by the courts for their violation.

However, the Constitution itself declares that ‘these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duly of the state to apply these principles in making laws’. Hence, they impose a moral obligation on the state authorities for their implementation.

1. Related with the daily life of the people: The local self-bodies are directly related with the daily life of the people. There is no area of the citizen's life which is not connected with these institutions. These institutions perform the functions related to education, sanitation, public health, industry, etc., and try to tackle the day-to-day problems of the local people.

2. Right solution of the local problems: In a big country like India, there live the people belonging to different religions, languages, caste and customs. There are different types of problems in the different parts of the country. The Union Government or the State Governments are unable to know the local problems of the citizens. Only the local people know the local problems and they can suggest the right solution to the local problems. In this way the local self-bodies play an important role.

3. These bodies lessen the workload of Central and State Governments: In the big countries like India where the population is in millions and the area is very vast, the Central Government and the State Governments have many other important works and problems to solve. Therefore, they may not have much spare time to attend to the local problems. A need arises for local bodies well versed with the nature of the local problems who can solve these problems and lessen the burden of Central and State governments.

Executive is an organ of the Government to enforce the will of the legislature and to maintain law and order in the society, and runs the administration of the country.

In a Plural Executive, the authority to direct is exercised not by a single authority but by a group of persons having co-equal status of authority, e.g. Swiss Federal Council.

The Council of Ministers along with the Prime Minister as a head at the central level and the Chief Minister alongwith his council of ministers at state level are the real executives in India.

Parliament’s primary function is to pass new legislation, change current laws, and remove old laws. A bill gets passed in both houses of parliament for any such process. If passed by both houses, a bill requires the president’s approval to become an Act.

If a bill is proposed in the house by a minister, then it is known as government or public bill. Government bill requires a 7- days notification for its introduction. The government could collapse upon failure, based on the type of government bill as well as the majority needed to get such a bill passed.

Steps to follow: Bill to become law

• A bill approved by both parliamentary houses goes out to the speaker.
• The speaker signs it, then the bill is submitted to the assent committee president. That’s the final step of a bill.
• If the president approves the bill, then it becomes a law. When it is a law, it is incorporated into the book of laws and released in Gazette.

Bureaucracy stands for the government officers and it includes all the government servants who hold office on permanent basis till they retire at a fixed age.

Bureaucracy, generally, means government by the officers and it includes all the government servants who hold office on permanent basis till they retire at a fixed age. Head of the State and ministers determine the policy. Permanent government servants run the administration and enforce the laws according to that policy. There is no effect on them of the change of head of state and the ministers.

Bureaucracy has been derived from the French word ‘bureau’ which means ‘desk’. Thus, bureaucracy is a government which is run by the persons who sit on desks, means officers.

The main features of the Act are:

• Establishment of a three-tier structure: Village Panchayat (Gram Panchayat); intermediate panchayat (Panchayat Samiti; and the district panchayat (Zila Parishad);
• Regular elections, every five years;
• Reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population;
• Not less than one-third reservation of seats for women at three different levels of PRIs;
• Establishment of State Finance Commissions to recommend measures to improve the finances of panchayats;
• Establishment of State Election Commissions to conduct election to the PRIs;
• Establishment of District Planning Committees to prepare development plans for the districts;
• Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice and their execution concerning 29 subjects listed in the 11th Schedule of the Constitution;
• Establishment of Grama Sabha (village assemblies) and their empowerment as a decision making body at the village level; and
• Rotation in accordance with the reservation of seats for women and the Scheduled Castes in the PRIs.

The following points through the light that why we need rights in a democracy:-

1. It will help to create necessary changes that will make our government run in a better way.

2. It is a very important part for the very sustenance of a democracy. Without rights, democracy in a country becomes ineffective and meaningless.

3. It safeguards minorities from the tyranny of majorities.

4. For democracy to exist, rights are very necessary. Each countryman has the right to participate in the democratic process. 

5. It helps to maintain law and order when some citizens try to take away the rights of others.

6. It enables us to speak for ourselves and what we desire from our government. Also, it helps us in to choose a better leader to run the government.

The Salient Features of the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992:

(a) Constitution of Municipalities.

(b) Composition of Municipalities.

(c) Constitution of wards committees.

(d) Reservation of seats.

(e) Fixed duration of Municipalities.

(f) Power, Authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.

(g) Appointment of State Election Commission.

(h) Appointment of State Finance Commission.

(i) Constitution of Metropolitan and District Planning Committees.

Action has been taken by the State/Union Territory Governments to set up State Finance Commission/State Election Commissions. All states set up their Finance Commissions. Most of the State Finance Commissions submitted their report to the concerned State Government.

The concerned states accepted nearly all the recommendations made by their respective finance commissions. All State Governments/Union Territories set up their Election Commissions for conducting elections to urban Local Bodies.

The passage of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 marks a new era in the federal democratic set up of the country and provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).

The main features of the Act are:

• Establishment of a three-tier structure: Village Panchayat (Gram Panchayat); intermediate panchayat (Panchayat Samiti; and the district panchayat (Zila Parishad);
• Regular elections, every five years;
• Reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population;
• Not less than one-third reservation of seats for women at three different levels of PRIs;
• Establishment of State Finance Commissions to recommend measures to improve the finances of panchayats;
• Establishment of State Election Commissions to conduct election to the PRIs;
• Establishment of District Planning Committees to prepare development plans for the districts;
• Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice and their execution concerning 29 subjects listed in the 11th Schedule of the Constitution;
• Establishment of Grama Sabha (village assemblies) and their empowerment as a decision making body at the village level; and
• Rotation in accordance with the reservation of seats for women and the Scheduled Castes in the PRIs.

Powers and responsibilities

By the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, the Panchayati Raj Institutions have been given such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function. It contains provisions for devolution of powers and responsibilities related to

• The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice; and
• The implementation of such schemes for economic development and social justice as may be entrusted to them.

This amendment bars the interference by courts in the electoral matters of panchayats.

• The validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies cannot be questioned in any court.
• No election to any panchayat is to be questioned except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as provided by the state legislature.

A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; Old French: deu, did, past participle of devoir; Latin: debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise. It refers to duty, responsibility, obligation(noun) the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force.