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On December 11, 1946, the Assembly elected Dr Rajendra Prasad as its permanent Chairman. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution including a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

 Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:

• It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
• It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
• It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the responsibility to take important decisions.
• It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

• B. R. Ambedkar, Chairman of Drafting Committee, and first Law and Justice Minister of India.
• B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.

Some of the important members of the Constituent Assembly were

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Dr Rajendra Prasad
3. Dr S. Radhakrishnan
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
5. Maulana Azad
6. Sarojini Naidu
7. Dr B.R. Ambedkar
8. Syama Prasad Mukherjee

The Forty Fourth Constitutional Amendment, 1978, deleted Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 from Part III, the chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Constitution. Instead, it inserted Article 300A in a new chapter IV of Part XII of the Constitution, thereby depriving the 'right to property' of its 'fundamental right' status.

UK

No Confidence Motion also called as Motion of No Confidence, a Vote of No Confidence is a formal proposal in Lok Sabha to evoke a decision of the house. No Confidence Motion can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. 
The “No Confidence Motion” is an important tool against the Council of Ministers (COM) in the Lok Sabha. If 51% of the members of the house vote in favour of the “No Confidence Motion”, it is passed and the Government is deemed to have lost majority and has to resign from office. The Government has to prove its majority in the house either by bringing in a vote of confidence or the opposition can ask the Government to prove its majority after it brings a “No Confidence Motion” .
At times, the opposition also brings the “No Confidence Motion” to force the Government to discuss important issues.

The functioning of Indian electoral system has experienced a number of disadvantages and atrocities. The inconsistency between the votes registered for a party and the seats conquered in parliament, the multitude of political parties, personality cult in party system, utilization of caste and communal allegiances, part of muscle and money power, wrongful utilization of governmental machinery, corruptive exercises like booth-conquering, intimidation and impersonation of voters are essential negative features of Indian electoral system.

Legislature is an organ of government to frame laws for the nation alongwith the expression of people’s will, in which all the sections of society participate.

 

The Parliament consists of two houses i.e. Lol Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is the lower house with a maximum strength of 552 members, out of which 530 members represent the State, 20 members represent the Union Territories and 2 members from the Anglo-Indian community. 

The important functions of the Lok Sabha are:

1) Legislative Function: The primary function of Parliament is a law making function. Lok Sabha plays an important part. It can pass bills concerning to all those subject which have been included in Union and Concurrent list. No bill can become law unless it has been passed by Lok Sabha. In case of any disagreement between the two Houses, the will of Lok Sabha will prevail in joint sitting with the Rajya Sabha because Lok Sabha has more members than Rajya Sabha.

2) Financial Power: The power of control over the finances by the Lok Sabha is powerful. The money bill has to be introduced in the Lok Sabha first, and when passed by the Lok Sabha it is to be transmitted to Rajya Sabha for the recommendation. It is upon the Lok Sabha to accept or not to accepts the recommendations. The Lok Sabah alone has the exclusive power of sanctioning all government expenditures.

 

3) Executive Control: The Constitution provides that ' Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.' Thus, the Government is accountable to the Lok Sabha for its acts. It is only the Lok Sabha which can pass a no-confidence vote against the Council of Ministers and force them to resign. 

 

4) Electoral Function: The Lok Sabha members are part of the electoral college for the election of President. The members of Lok Sabha also elect the Vice-President. It elects the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 

There are more other functions of the Lok Sabha like redressal of grievances, judicial functions and miscellaneous functions.

 Appellate Jurisdiction: The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are of three types: Constitutional, Criminal and Civil.

(a) Constitutional Appeals: A constitutional appeal means an appeal to the Supreme Court against the decision of a High Court for interpretation of the constitution in any case. Such an appeal can be brought to Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that interpretation of the constitution is required in that case or secondary if the Supreme Court grant a special leave of appeal.

(b) Appeal in Civil Cases: As regards the appeals in civil cases, the 30th amendment, 1972 has brought about significant changes. Prior to the 30th amendment appeal to the Supreme Court in civil proceedings against a judgement, decree or final order of a High Court required that the amount or value of subject-matter of the dispute was not less than Rs. 20,000. The 30th amendment sought to do away with the monetary limits for invoking the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

(c) Criminal Appeals: The following criminal cases can be brought to Supreme Court as appeal.

(i) If a criminal is acquitted by a lower court and he is sentenced to death by High Court.

(ii) If a High Court awards death sentence in case which it had taken from a lower court undecided.

(iii) If the High Court certifies that the case is a fit to be taken to the Supreme Court as an appeal.

The Ministry of Law and Justice in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and the Department of Justice respectively

The administration of justice is the process by which the legal system of a government is executed. The presumed goal of such an administration is to provide justice for all those accessing the legal system. First, the fair administration of justice is important for the rule of law in that it ensures state practice and policies protect against the 'infringement of the fundamental human rights to life, liberty, personal security and physical integrity of the person.

Political rights: Political rights are supplemented by several types of civil liberties, i.e. right to express one’s views freely, right to protest, free and fair trial, etc. These rights make the government accountable and ensure an opportunity to each and every individual to influence the decisions of government:

• Political rights provide equality to all citizens.
• Every citizen has the right to participate in political process.
• Political rights provide the right to vote and elect representatives.
• Every citizen enjoys the right to contest elections and right to form political parties.

A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office before his term expires on the ground of incapacity or misbehavior if Parliament approves it by a majority of two-third members of the Parliament (Both the houses) present and voting. Finally, the President exercises the right to remove a judge if impeachment is proved.

Thank you so much sir

<th>Free CBSE Important Questions</th> <th>Link</th>

Important Questions Rights in the Indian Constitution	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4445">Download File</a>
Important Questions Constitution Why and How	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4446">Download File</a>
Important Questions Election and Representation	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4444">Download File</a>
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Important Questions The Philosophy of the Constitution	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4437">Download File</a>
Important Questions Constitution as a Living Document	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4438">Download File</a>
Important Questions Local Governments	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4439">Download File</a>
Important Questions Freedom	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4435">Download File</a>
Important Questions Political Theory an Introduction	<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/downloads/getfile/4436">Download File</a>
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Sir ye chapters tho hai he nhi meri books may sir class 11ke important question

Sir class 11

Go through the important set of questions and answers from class 12 NCERT textbook  ‘Contemporary World Politics’. Prepare well from the given questions.
Important Questions for Class 12 Political Science

Click on the chapters links:

PART-A Contemporary World Politics

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-1/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 1 The Cold War Era">Chapter 1 The Cold War Era</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-2/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity">Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-3/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics">Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-4/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power">Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-5/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia">Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-6/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 6 International Organisations">Chapter 6 International Organisations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-7/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World">Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-8/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources">Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-9/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 9 Globalisation">Chapter 9 Globalisation</a>

PART-B Politics in India since Independence

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-10/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building">Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-11/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance">Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-12/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development">Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-13/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 India’s External Relations">Chapter 13 India’s External Relations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-14/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System">Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-15/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order">Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-16/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements">Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-17/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations">Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-18/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics">Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics</a>

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Go through the important set of questions and answers from class 12 NCERT textbook  ‘Contemporary World Politics’. Prepare well from the given questions.
Important Questions for Class 12 Political Science

PART-A Contemporary World Politics

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-1/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 1 The Cold War Era">Chapter 1 The Cold War Era</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-2/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity">Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-3/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics">Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-4/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power">Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-5/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia">Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-6/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 6 International Organisations">Chapter 6 International Organisations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-7/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World">Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-8/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources">Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-9/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 9 Globalisation">Chapter 9 Globalisation</a>

PART-B Politics in India since Independence

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-10/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building">Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-11/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance">Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-12/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development">Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-13/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 India’s External Relations">Chapter 13 India’s External Relations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-14/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System">Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-15/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order">Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-16/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements">Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-17/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations">Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-18/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics">Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics</a>

Sir I mean important questions in all chapter sir plz send me fast

Give chapters name

The article 326 defines a universal adult franchise as the basis for elections to all levels of the elected government. The universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above irrespective of their caste or education, religion, colour, race and economic conditions are free to vote. In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality. It states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote. The Indian Constitution has adopted universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar

Human Rights are those rights, which are inherent in our nature. Without these rights, we cannot live as human beings. Human rights allow us to fully develop and use our human qualities, intelligence, talents and conscience. They allow us to satisfy our spiritual and other needs

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, political theorists argued that rights are given to us by nature or God. The rights of men were derived from natural law. This meant that rights were not conferred by a ruler or a society, rather we are born with them. As such these rights are inalienable and no one can take these away from us. They identified three natural rights of man: the right to life, liberty and property. All other rights were said to be derived from these basic rights. The idea that we are born with certain rights, is a very powerful notion because it implies that no state or organisation should take away what has been given by the law of nature. This conception of natural rights has been used widely to oppose the exercise of arbitrary power by states and governments and to safeguard individual freedom.

Socrates reminds these young people that if everyone were to be unjust, if everyone manipulated rules to suit their own interests, no one could be sure of benefiting from injustice. Nobody would be secure and this was likely to harm all of them. Hence, it is in our own longterm interest to obey the laws and be just. Socrates clarified that we need to understand clearly what justice means in order to figure out why it is important to be just. He explained that justice does not only mean doing good to our friends and harm to our enemies, or pursuing our own interests. Justice involves the well-being of all people. Just as a doctor is concerned with the well-being of his/her patients, similarly the just ruler or the just government must be concerned with the well-being of the people. Ensuring the well-being of the people includes giving each person his due.

Simple Majority

• This refers to a majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting in the House.
• Also known as Functional or Working majority.
• This is the most commonly used type of majority.
• When the law does not specify the kind of majority needed, a simple majority is used for passing bills or motions.
• Ordinary bills require only a simple majority.
• For example, in the Lok Sabha, out of the total strength of 545, suppose 45 were absent and 100 abstained from voting. This means, only 400 members were present and voting. In this case, the simple majority needed is 201 (50% + 1).

Fundamental RightsDirective Principles of State PolicyPart 3 of the Constitution of India contains the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the citizens of India. Articles 12-35 of the Constitution of India deal with Fundamental Rights.Directive Principles are written in Part 4 of the Constitution of India. They are given in Articles 36-51 of the Constitution of India.The basic rights that are guaranteed to Indian citizens by the Constitution of India are known as Fundamental Rights Directive Principles of the Indian constitution are the guidelines to be followed by the Government while framing policies.Political Democracy is established in India with the help of Fundamental Rights given in the Constitution of India.Economic and Social Democracy is established with the help of the Directive Principles of State PolicyThe welfare of each and every citizen is promoted through the Fundamental RightsThe welfare of the entire community is fostered with the help of Directive Principles. As per the law, the violation of Fundamental Rights is punishable.Violation of Directive Principles is not a punishable crime unlike violation of Fundamental RightsFundamental Rights are justiciable as they can be enforced legally by the courts if there is a violation.Directive Principles are not justiciable as they cannot be enforced by the courts if there is a violation.If there is a law which is in violation of fundamental rights then the courts can declare it as invalid and unconstitutional.If there is a law in violation of Directive Principles, then the courts do not have the power to declare it as invalid and unconstitutional.

Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of State Policy
Part 3 of the Constitution of India contains the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the citizens of India. Articles 12-35 of the Constitution of India deal with Fundamental Rights.	Directive Principles are written in Part 4 of the Constitution of India. They are given in Articles 36-51 of the Constitution of India.
The basic rights that are guaranteed to Indian citizens by the Constitution of India are known as Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of the Indian constitution are the guidelines to be followed by the Government while framing policies.
Political Democracy is established in India with the help of Fundamental Rights given in the Constitution of India.	Economic and Social Democracy is established with the help of the Directive Principles of State Policy
The welfare of each and every citizen is promoted through the Fundamental Rights	The welfare of the entire community is fostered with the help of Directive Principles.
As per the law, the violation of Fundamental Rights is punishable.	Violation of Directive Principles is not a punishable crime unlike violation of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are justiciable as they can be enforced legally by the courts if there is a violation.	Directive Principles are not justiciable as they cannot be enforced by the courts if there is a violation.

Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of State Policy
Part 3 of the Constitution of India contains the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the citizens of India. Articles 12-35 of the Constitution of India deal with Fundamental Rights.	Directive Principles are written in Part 4 of the Constitution of India. They are given in Articles 36-51 of the Constitution of India.
The basic rights that are guaranteed to Indian citizens by the Constitution of India are known as Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of the Indian constitution are the guidelines to be followed by the Government while framing policies.
Political Democracy is established in India with the help of Fundamental Rights given in the Constitution of India.	Economic and Social Democracy is established with the help of the Directive Principles of State Policy
The welfare of each and every citizen is promoted through the Fundamental Rights	The welfare of the entire community is fostered with the help of Directive Principles.
As per the law, the violation of Fundamental Rights is punishable.	Violation of Directive Principles is not a punishable crime unlike violation of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are justiciable as they can be enforced legally by the courts if there is a violation.	Directive Principles are not justiciable as they cannot be enforced by the courts if there is a violation.
If there is a law which is in violation of fundamental rights then the courts can declare it as invalid and unconstitutional.	If there is a law in violation of Directive Principles, then the courts do not have the power to declare it as invalid and unconstitutional.

Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of the two Union Territories.  The present strength of Rajya Sabha, however, is 245, out of which 233 are representatives of the States and Union territories of Delhi and Puducherry and 12 are nominated by the President. The members nominated by the President are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.

The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha.  The allocation of seats is made on the basis of the population of each State.  Consequent on the reorganization of States and formation of new States, the number of elected seats in the Rajya Sabha allotted to States and Union Territories has changed from time to time since 1952. 

Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with two special powers.

1. Under article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare the resolution, passed by two-third majority of its members present and voting, that is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. (i) Rajya-Sabha is competent to create one or more All India Services if it passes a resolution by two-third majority.

(ii) Rajya-Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

The facts about the suspensive veto power of the Indian President are given below:

• The bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period when he exercises his pocket veto.
• He neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.
• Constitution does not give any time-limit to President within which he has to act upon the bill. Therefore, the President uses his pocket veto where he doesn’t have to act upon the bill.
• Unlike the American President who has to resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.

A person under the 'veil of ignorance' is unaware of her/his possible position and status in the society therefore s/he would rationally decide from the point of view of the worst-off.
It would be sensible in this situation for everyone to ensure that all resources are available equally to all persons.