ANSWER
Direct democracy is also called 'pure democracy'. It is a form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly. It is distinct from representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives.

The article 326 defines a universal adult franchise as the basis for elections to all levels of the elected government. The universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above irrespective of their caste or education, religion, colour, race and economic conditions are free to vote.

• In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality. It states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.
• The Indian Constitution has adopted universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
• Representation of States in Lok Sabha:Members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states
  Election Principle used – Universal Adult Franchise
  Eligibility to Vote: Any Indian Citizen of/above 18 years of age

Simple (general) Majority

• This refers to a majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting in the House.
• Also known as Functional or Working majority.
• This is the most commonly used type of majority.
• When the law does not specify the kind of majority needed, a simple majority is used for passing bills or motions.
• Ordinary bills require only a simple majority.
• For example, in the Lok Sabha, out of the total strength of 545, suppose 45 were absent and 100 abstained from voting. This means, only 400 members were present and voting. In this case, the simple majority needed is 201 (50% + 1).
• Instances where a simple majority is needed:
  • To pass money bill/financial/ordinary bills
  • To pass Adjournment Motion/Non-Confidence Motion/Censure Motion/Confidence Motion (Read about Parliamentary Proceedings’ Devices.)
  • To declare a financial emergency
  • To declare President’s Rule (state emergency)
  • To elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
  • Constitution Amendment Bill under Article 368 which needs to be ratified by the states needs only a simple majority at the State Legislatures.

When Indian got independence in 1947, present-day Meghalaya comprised two districts of Assam and enjoyed partial autonomy within the state of Assam.

A movement began in 1960, demand for a separate Hill State.

The Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 accorded an autonomous status to Meghalaya.

The Act came into effect on 2 April 1970, and an autonomous state of Meghalaya was created in  Assam.

The autonomous state had a 37-member legislature in at par  Sixth schedule to the Indian constitution.

Composition of the Rajya Sabha:

1. It is the Upper House of the Parliament. It has a total strength of 250 members.

2. Out of these, 238 members are elected by the State Legislative Assemblies.

3. The rest of the members (12) are nominated by the President. These members are those who have earned fame in the fields of Science, Art, Literature and Social Service.

4. It is a Permanent House. One-third of the members retire after every two years and new ones are elected. Thus, every member has a tenure of six years.

Answer: A Money Bill contains the matters like imposing, reducing, expenditure, loan, payments, etc. A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and not in the Rajya Sabha.

The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected members of the provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States. To these were to be added a representative each from the four chief Commissioners provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
Each Province and each Indian state or Group of States were allotted the total number of seats proportional to their respective population roughly in the ratio of one to a million.
Mr. B N Rao was the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly.
The first meeting of the Constitution Assembly was on 9th December 1946 in which Dr. Sachidanand was the interim President of it. On December 11, 1946 Dr. Rajendra prasad was elected as its president.
There was 13 Committees for framing the Constitution.
The all Important the Committee who take the responsibility of drafting the Constitution called Drafting Committee formed on 29th August, 1947.

The country of Nepal has witnessed several people’s struggles for democracy. There was a people’s struggle in 1990 that established democracy that lasted for 12 years until 2002. In October 2002, King Gyanendra, citing the Maoist uprising in the countryside as his reason, began taking over different aspects of the government with the army’s assistance. The King then finally took over as the head of government in February 2005. In November 2005, the Maoists joined other political parties to sign a 12-point agreement. This agreement signalled to the larger public an imminent return to democracy and peace. In 2006, this people’s movement for democracy began gaining immense force. It repeatedly refused the small concessions that the King made and finally in April 2006 the King restored the Third Parliament and asked the political parties to form a government. In 2007, Nepal adopted an interim Constitution. The above photos show scenes from the people’s movement for democracy in 2006.

Nepal, a country that borders India on the north. Until quite recently, Nepal was a monarchy. The previous Constitution of Nepal, which had been adopted in 1990, reflected the fact that the final authority rested with the King. A people’s movement in Nepal fought for several decades to establish democracy and in 2006 they finally succeeded in putting an end to the powers of the King. Now the people have to write a new Constitution to establish Nepal as a democracy. The reason that they do not want to continue with the previous Constitution is because it does not reflect the ideals of the country that they want Nepal to be, and that they have fought for.

• The Gram Panchayat should be given the powers to open and maintain schools and Libraries in the village to maintain primary education.
• Gram Panchayats should enjoy the powers to ensure better health and life of citizens to provide basic civil amenities.

Elections are a central feature of democracy. For elections to express the will of the electorate, they must be ‘free and fair’.

‘Free’ means that all those entitled to vote have the right to be registered and to vote and must be free to make their choice. In South Africa every citizen over the age of 18 is entitled to vote. An election is considered ‘free’ when you can decide whether or not to vote and vote freely for the candidate or party of your choice without fear or intimidation. A ‘free’ election is also one where you are confident that who you vote for remains your secret.

‘Fair’ means that all registered political parties have an equal right to contest the elections, campaign for voter support and hold meetings and rallies. This gives them a fair chance to convince voters to vote for them. A fair election is also one in which all voters have an equal opportunity to register, where all votes are counted, and where the announced results reflect the actual vote totals.

The parliamentary form of government is derived from the constitution of Britain

There are six fundamental rights of Indian Constitution along with the constitutional articles related to them are mentioned below:

1. Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

• B. R. Ambedkar, Chairman of Drafting Committee, and first Law and Justice Minister of India.
• B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.

Some of the important members of the Constituent Assembly were

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Dr Rajendra Prasad
3. Dr S. Radhakrishnan
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
5. Maulana Azad
6. Sarojini Naidu
7. Dr B.R. Ambedkar
8. Syama Prasad Mukherjee

Preventive Detention:
Ans. A person can be arrested out of fear that he/ she can engage in unlawful activity and be danger to the law and order of the country. It can be extended for three months only.

It means detention of a person without trial. It does not intend to punish a person for committing a crime but to prevent him from doing so. Thus it isnt a punitive measure bit a precautionary measure. They are detained for at least 3 months without the police telling them why they have been arrested. The time period of their detention can only be increased by an advisory board

Democracy governance was there in Nepal before democracy.